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      2017 atomic spectrometry update – a review of advances in X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and its special applications

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          Abstract

          This review covers developments in and applications of XRF techniques such as EDXRF, WDXRF, TXRF, XRF microscopy using technologies such as synchrotron sources, X-ray optics, X-ray tubes and detectors in laboratory, mobile and hand-held systems.

          Abstract

          This review describes advances in the XRF group of techniques published approximately between April 2016 and March 2017. With technique maturity, it is the sample rather than the instrumentation that limits its wider development, so regular readers are advised to consult our companion application updates for advances in XRF related to specific sample types. In this reconfigured update the Instrumentation section offers advances in hardware and software developments for off-site and laboratory investigations including synchrotron, TXRF and related techniques. However, publications that reflect increasing interest in the non-destructive advantages of X-ray systems for cultural heritage applications remain within this update.

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          Can field portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) produce high quality data for application in environmental contamination research?

          Marek Rouillon, Mark Taylor (2016)
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            Preserving elemental content in adherent mammalian cells for analysis by synchrotron‐based x‐ray fluorescence microscopy

            Qiaoling Jin, Tatjana Paunesku, Barry Lai … (2016)
            Summary Trace metals play important roles in biological function, and x‐ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) provides a way to quantitatively image their distribution within cells. The faithfulness of these measurements is dependent on proper sample preparation. Using mouse embryonic fibroblast NIH/3T3 cells as an example, we compare various approaches to the preparation of adherent mammalian cells for XFM imaging under ambient temperature. Direct side‐by‐side comparison shows that plunge‐freezing‐based cryoimmobilization provides more faithful preservation than conventional chemical fixation for most biologically important elements including P, S, Cl, K, Fe, Cu, Zn and possibly Ca in adherent mammalian cells. Although cells rinsed with fresh media had a great deal of extracellular background signal for Cl and Ca, this approach maintained cells at the best possible physiological status before rapid freezing and it does not interfere with XFM analysis of other elements. If chemical fixation has to be chosen, the combination of 3% paraformaldehyde and 1.5 % glutaraldehyde preserves S, Fe, Cu and Zn better than either fixative alone. When chemically fixed cells were subjected to a variety of dehydration processes, air drying was proved to be more suitable than other drying methods such as graded ethanol dehydration and freeze drying. This first detailed comparison for x‐ray fluorescence microscopy shows how detailed quantitative conclusions can be affected by the choice of cell preparation method.
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              α-Synuclein Over-Expression Induces Increased Iron Accumulation and Redistribution in Iron-Exposed Neurons.

              Richard Ortega, Asuncion Carmona, Stéphane Roudeau … (2016)
              Parkinson's disease is the most common α-synucleinopathy, and increased levels of iron are found in the substantia nigra of Parkinson's disease patients, but the potential interlink between both molecular changes has not been fully understood. Metal to protein binding assays have shown that α-synuclein can bind iron in vitro; therefore, we hypothesized that iron content and iron distribution could be modified in cellulo, in cells over-expressing α-synuclein. Owing to particle-induced X-ray emission and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence chemical nano-imaging, we were able to quantify and describe the iron distribution at the subcellular level. We show that, in neurons exposed to excess iron, the mere over-expression of human α-synuclein results in increased levels of intracellular iron and in iron redistribution from the cytoplasm to the perinuclear region within α-synuclein-rich inclusions. Reproducible results were obtained in two distinct recombinant expression systems, in primary rat midbrain neurons and in a rat neuroblastic cell line (PC12), both infected with viral vectors expressing human α-synuclein. Our results link two characteristic molecular features found in Parkinson's disease, the accumulation of α-synuclein and the increased levels of iron in the substantia nigra.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JASPE2
                Title: Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry
                Abbreviated Title: J. Anal. At. Spectrom.
                Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
                ISSN (Print): 0267-9477
                ISSN (Electronic): 1364-5544
                Publication date Created: 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 2017
                Volume: 32
                Issue: 9
                Pages: 1629-1649
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Sheffield S11 9NF
                [2 ]UK
                [3 ]Abingdon
                [4 ]Vienna University of Technology
                [5 ]Atominstitut
                [6 ]Vienna
                [7 ]Austria
                [8 ]Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO)
                [9 ]2400 Mol
                [10 ]Belgium
                Article
                DOI: 10.1039/C7JA90035J
                SO-VID: 009da2f5-8c48-4657-a800-872f983a3543
                Copyright © © 2017
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