Radix Polygoni Multiflori and Its Main Component Emodin Attenuate Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Zebrafish by Regulation of AMPK Signaling Pathway

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Radix Polygoni Multiflori and Its Main Component Emodin Attenuate Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Zebrafish by Regulation of AMPK Signaling Pathway

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Author(s): Linyuan Yu ¹ , Lihong Gong ¹ , Cheng Wang ¹ , Naihua Hu ¹ , Yunqiu Tang ¹ , Li Zheng ¹ , Xuyang Dai ¹ , Yunxia Li ¹

Publication date (Electronic): 15 April 2020

Journal: Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Publisher: Dove

Keywords: RPMP, emodin, zebrafish, AMPK, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

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Abstract

Purpose

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a predictor of death in many diseases. This study was carried out to investigate the therapeutic effect of Radix Polygoni Multiflori Preparata (RPMP) and its main component emodin on egg yolk powder-induced NAFLD in zebrafish. Further investigation was performed to explore whether emodin was the main component of RPMP for the treatment of NAFLD as well as the underlying therapeutic mechanism of RPMP and emodin.

Methods

Zebrafish were divided into control group, egg yolk powder group, RPMP group and emodin group. The obesity of zebrafish was evaluated by body weight, body length and BMI. The content of lipid was detected by triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) reagent kit and the fatty acid was detected by nonesterified free fatty acids (NEFA) reagent kit. HE staining was used to detect the histological structure of liver. Whole-mount Oil red O staining and Frozen oil red O staining were carried out to investigate the lipid accumulation in liver. KEGG and STRING databases were performed to analyze the potential role of AMPK between insulin resistance (IR) and fatty acid oxidation. Western blot and RT-qPCR were carried out for mechanism research.

Results

RPMP and emodin significantly reduced zebrafish weight, body length and BMI. Both RPMP and emodin treatment could reduce the lipid deposition in zebrafish liver. RPMP significantly reduced the content of TG. However, emodin significantly reduced the contents of TG, TC and NEFA in zebrafish with NAFLD. The protein interaction network indicated that AMPK participated in both IR and fatty acid oxidation. Further investigation indicated that RPMP and emodin reduced hepatic lipogenesis via up-regulating the expressions of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (AKT2), amp-activated protein kinase alpha (AMPKα), proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1a (CPT-1a) and acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1).

Conclusion

These findings suggest that emodin is the main component of RPMP for the treatment of NAFLD, which is closely related to the regulation of AMPK signaling pathway which increases IR and fatty acid oxidation.

Most cited references 33

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Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic effects.

Toshimasa Yamauchi, Junji Kamon, Yusuke Ito … (2003)

Adiponectin (also known as 30-kDa adipocyte complement-related protein; Acrp30) is a hormone secreted by adipocytes that acts as an antidiabetic and anti-atherogenic adipokine. Levels of adiponectin in the blood are decreased under conditions of obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Administration of adiponectin causes glucose-lowering effects and ameliorates insulin resistance in mice. Conversely, adiponectin-deficient mice exhibit insulin resistance and diabetes. This insulin-sensitizing effect of adiponectin seems to be mediated by an increase in fatty-acid oxidation through activation of AMP kinase and PPAR-alpha. Here we report the cloning of complementary DNAs encoding adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) by expression cloning. AdipoR1 is abundantly expressed in skeletal muscle, whereas AdipoR2 is predominantly expressed in the liver. These two adiponectin receptors are predicted to contain seven transmembrane domains, but to be structurally and functionally distinct from G-protein-coupled receptors. Expression of AdipoR1/R2 or suppression of AdipoR1/R2 expression by small-interfering RNA supports our conclusion that they serve as receptors for globular and full-length adiponectin, and that they mediate increased AMP kinase and PPAR-alpha ligand activities, as well as fatty-acid oxidation and glucose uptake by adiponectin.

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LKB1 and AMP-activated protein kinase control of mTOR signalling and growth.

R J Shaw (2009)

The AMP-activated serine/threonine protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy status found in all eukaryotes that is activated under conditions of low intracellular ATP following stresses such as nutrient deprivation or hypoxia. In the past 5 years, work from a large number of laboratories has revealed that one of the major downstream signalling pathways regulated by AMPK is the mammalian target-of-rapamycin [mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway]. Interestingly, like AMPK, the mTOR serine/threonine kinase plays key roles not only in growth control and cell proliferation but also in metabolism. Recent work has revealed that across eukaryotes mTOR orthologues are found in two biochemically distinct complexes and only one of those complexes (mTORC1 in mammals) is acutely sensitive to rapamycin and regulated by nutrients and AMPK. Many details of the molecular mechanism by which AMPK inhibits mTORC1 signalling have also been decoded in the past 5 years. AMPK directly phosphorylates at least two proteins to induce rapid suppression of mTORC1 activity, the TSC2 tumour suppressor and the critical mTORC1 binding subunit raptor. Here we explore the molecular connections between AMPK and mTOR signalling pathways and examine the physiological processes in which AMPK regulation of mTOR is critical for growth or metabolic control. The functional conservation of AMPK and TOR in all eukaryotes, and the sequence conservation around the AMPK phosphorylation sites in raptor across all eukaryotes examined suggest that this represents a fundamental cell growth module connecting nutrient status to the cell growth machinery. These findings have broad implications for the control of cell growth by nutrients in a number of cellular and organismal contexts.

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One week of bed rest leads to substantial muscle atrophy and induces whole-body insulin resistance in the absence of skeletal muscle lipid accumulation.

Marlou L Dirks, Benjamin T Wall, Bas van de Valk … (2016)

Short (<10 days) periods of muscle disuse, often necessary for recovery from illness or injury, lead to various negative health consequences. The present study investigated mechanisms underlying disuse-induced insulin resistance, taking into account muscle atrophy. Ten healthy, young males (age: 23±1 y, BMI: 23.0±0.9 kg·m(-2)) were subjected to one week of strict bed rest. Prior to and after bed rest, lean body mass (DXA) and quadriceps cross-sectional area (CSA; CT) were assessed, and VO2peak and leg strength were determined. Whole-body insulin sensitivity was measured using a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Additionally, muscle biopsies were collected to assess muscle lipid (fraction) content and various markers of mitochondrial and vascular content. Bed rest resulted in 1.4±0.2 kg lean tissue loss and a 3.2±0.9% decline in quadriceps CSA (both P<0.01). VO2peak and 1RM declined by 6.4±2.3 (P<0.05) and 6.9±1.4% (P<0.01), respectively. Bed rest induced a 29±5% decrease in whole-body insulin sensitivity (P<0.01). This was accompanied by a decline in muscle oxidative capacity, without alterations in skeletal muscle lipid content or saturation level, markers of oxidative stress, or capillary density. In conclusion, one week of bed rest substantially reduces skeletal muscle mass and lowers whole-body insulin sensitivity, without affecting mechanisms implicated in high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Drug Des Devel Ther

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Drug Des Devel Ther

Journal ID (publisher-id): DDDT

Journal ID (pmc): dddt

Title: Drug Design, Development and Therapy

Publisher: Dove

ISSN (Electronic): 1177-8881

Publication date (Electronic): 15 April 2020

Publication date Collection: 2020

Volume: 14

Pages: 1493-1506

Affiliations

[1 ]School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources , Chengdu 611137, People’s Republic of China

Author notes

Correspondence: Yunxia Li School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Key Laboratory of Standardization for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education; National Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research, Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Resources , No. 1166, Liu Tai Avenue, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-13699021135 Email lyxcdutcm@126.com

Article

Publisher ID: 243893

DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S243893

PMC ID: 7167271

PubMed ID: 32346285

SO-VID: 00aac3f8-938b-487f-b253-862618b3de6d

License:

This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

History

Date received : 28 December 2019

Date accepted : 05 March 2020

Page count

Figures: 11, Tables: 2, References: 45, Pages: 14

Funding

The study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No: 81373943, 81573583), Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Department of Youth Science and Technology Innovation Research Team Program (2017TD0001), National Natural Science Foundation of China (U19A2010).

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Radix Polygoni Multiflori and Its Main Component Emodin Attenuate Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Zebrafish by Regulation of AMPK Signaling Pathway

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Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Most cited references 33

Cloning of adiponectin receptors that mediate antidiabetic metabolic effects.

LKB1 and AMP-activated protein kinase control of mTOR signalling and growth.

One week of bed rest leads to substantial muscle atrophy and induces whole-body insulin resistance in the absence of skeletal muscle lipid accumulation.

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