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      Health risks of air pollution from incinerators: a perspective

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          Abstract

          This paper offers a perspective on the health impacts of air pollution from incinerators by making a number of compari sons in terms of emissions, concentrations, damages and dam age costs. The latter are estimated by an impact pathway anal ysis, tracing the fate of a pollutant from source to receptors. Linearity is assumed for the increase of damages with incre mental exposure. The monetary valuation is based on a valu ation of mortality in terms of years of life lost, rather than sim ply the number of premature deaths. The method is applied to the incineration of municipal solid waste (MSW) with emissions equal to the regulations proposed by the European Commission in 1994 for typical per capita MSW production. Even if all MSW is incinerated (in accordance with these reg ulations), the total health damage costs are relatively minor. Also, the impacts of dioxins and carcinogenic metals are small compared to those of particles, NO x and SO x.

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          Most cited references72

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          Particulate air pollution as a predictor of mortality in a prospective study of U.S. adults.

          Time-series, cross-sectional, and prospective cohort studies have observed associations between mortality and particulate air pollution but have been limited by ecologic design or small number of subjects or study areas. The present study evaluates effects of particulate air pollution on mortality using data from a large cohort drawn from many study areas. We linked ambient air pollution data from 151 U.S. metropolitan areas in 1980 with individual risk factor on 552,138 adults who resided in these areas when enrolled in a prospective study in 1982. Deaths were ascertained through December, 1989. Exposure to sulfate and fine particulate air pollution, which is primarily from fossil fuel combustion, was estimated from national data bases. The relationships of air pollution to all-cause, lung cancer, and cardiopulmonary mortality was examined using multivariate analysis which controlled for smoking, education, and other risk factors. Although small compared with cigarette smoking, an association between mortality and particulate air pollution was observed. Adjusted relative risk ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) of all-cause mortality for the most polluted areas compared with the least polluted equaled 1.15 (1.09 to 1.22) and 1.17 (1.09 to 1.26) when using sulfate and fine particulate measures respectively. Particulate air pollution was associated with cardiopulmonary and lung cancer mortality but not with mortality due to other causes. Increased mortality is associated with sulfate and fine particulate air pollution at levels commonly found in U.S. cities. The increase in risk is not attributable to tobacco smoking, although other unmeasured correlates of pollution cannot be excluded with certainty.
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            An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities.

            Recent studies have reported associations between particulate air pollution and daily mortality rates. Population-based, cross-sectional studies of metropolitan areas in the United States have also found associations between particulate air pollution and annual mortality rates, but these studies have been criticized, in part because they did not directly control for cigarette smoking and other health risks. In this prospective cohort study, we estimated the effects of air pollution on mortality, while controlling for individual risk factors. Survival analysis, including Cox proportional-hazards regression modeling, was conducted with data from a 14-to-16-year mortality follow-up of 8111 adults in six U.S. cities. Mortality rates were most strongly associated with cigarette smoking. After adjusting for smoking and other risk factors, we observed statistically significant and robust associations between air pollution and mortality. The adjusted mortality-rate ratio for the most polluted of the cities as compared with the least polluted was 1.26 (95 percent confidence interval, 1.08 to 1.47). Air pollution was positively associated with death from lung cancer and cardiopulmonary disease but not with death from other causes considered together. Mortality was most strongly associated with air pollution with fine particulates, including sulfates. Although the effects of other, unmeasured risk factors cannot be excluded with certainty, these results suggest that fine-particulate air pollution, or a more complex pollution mixture associated with fine particulate matter, contributes to excess mortality in certain U.S. cities.
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              Acute respiratory effects of particulate air pollution.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy
                Waste Manag Res
                SAGE Publications
                0734-242X
                1096-3669
                August 1998
                July 02 2016
                August 1998
                : 16
                : 4
                : 365-388
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Centre d'Energétique, Ecole des Mines, Paris, France, Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
                [2 ]Centre d'Energétique, Ecole des Mines, Paris, France
                [3 ]McGavran Toxicology Consulting, Boise, ID, USA
                Article
                10.1177/0734242X9801600408
                00c8dcd0-284b-47fa-8dc8-30fa17112e28
                © 1998

                http://journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license

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