Dietary sugar intake and dietary behaviors in Korea: a pooled study of 2,599 children and adolescents aged 9-14 years

There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Dietary sugar intake, particularly added sugar and sugar-sweetened beverages, has received worldwide attention recently. Investigation of dietary behaviors may facilitate understanding of dietary sugar intakes of children and adolescents. However, the relationship between dietary sugar intake and dietary behaviors in the Korean population has not been investigated. Thus, this study aimed to estimate dietary sugar intake and food sources according to sex as well as examine the relationship of dietary sugar intake with frequent snacking and dietary patterns among Korean children and adolescents.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

We pooled data from five studies involving Korean children and adolescents conducted from 2002 to 2011. A total of 2,599 subjects aged 9-14 years were included in this study. Each subject completed more than 3 days of dietary records.

RESULTS

Mean daily total sugar intake was 46.6 g for boys and 54.3 g for girls. Compared with boys, girls showed higher sugar intakes from fruits (7.5 g for boys and 8.8 g for girls; P = 0.0081) and processed foods (27.9 g for boys and 34.9 g for girls; P < 0.0001). On average, 95.4% of boys and 98.8% of girls consumed snacks during the study period, and total sugar intake showed a significantly increasing trend with increasing energy intake from snacks ( P < 0.0001 for both sexes). Two dietary patterns were identified by cluster analysis: Traditional and Westernized patterns. Total sugar intake was higher in the Westernized pattern (56.2 g for boys and 57.2 g for girls) than in the Traditional pattern (46.5 g for boys and 46.3 g for girls).

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that multilateral and practical development of a nutrition education and intervention program that considers dietary behaviors as well as absolute sugar intake is required to prevent excessive sugar intake in Korean children and adolescents.

Related collections

Most cited references 34

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: not found

Dynamics of the Chinese diet and the role of urbanicity, 1991-2011.

F Zhai, S Du, Z. Wang … (2014)

China's food consumption patterns and eating and cooking behaviours changed dramatically between 1991 and 2011. Macronutrient composition has shifted towards fats, and protein and sodium intakes remain high and potassium intake low. The rapid decline in intake of coarse grains and, later, of refined grains and increases in intake of edible oils and animal-source foods accompanied by major eating and cooking behaviour shifts are leading to what might be characterized as an unhealthy Western type of diet, often based on traditional recipes with major additions and changes. The most popular animal-source food is pork, and consumption of poultry and eggs is increasing. The changes in cooking and eating styles include a decrease in the proportion of food steamed, baked, or boiled, and an increase in snacking and eating away from home. Prior to the last decade, there was essentially no snacking in China except for hot water or green tea. Most recently, the intake of foods high in added sugar has increased. The dietary shifts are affected greatly by the country's urbanization. The future, as exemplified by the diet of the three mega cities, promises major growth in consumption of processed foods and beverages. © 2014 The Authors. Obesity Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

0 comments Cited 164 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: not found

Dietary sugars and body weight: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies.

Simonette R Mallard, Jim Mann, Lisa te Molder (2012)

To summarise evidence on the association between intake of dietary sugars and body weight in adults and children. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and prospective cohort studies. OVID Medline, Embase, PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Scopus, and Web of Science (up to December 2011). Eligible studies reported the intake of total sugars, intake of a component of total sugars, or intake of sugar containing foods or beverages; and at least one measure of body fatness. Minimum duration was two weeks for trials and one year for cohort studies. Trials of weight loss or confounded by additional medical or lifestyle interventions were excluded. Study selection, assessment, validity, data extraction, and analysis were undertaken as specified by the Cochrane Collaboration and the GRADE working group. For trials, we pooled data for weight change using inverse variance models with random effects. We pooled cohort study data where possible to estimate effect sizes, expressed as odds ratios for risk of obesity or β coefficients for change in adiposity per unit of intake. 30 of 7895 trials and 38 of 9445 cohort studies were eligible. In trials of adults with ad libitum diets (that is, with no strict control of food intake), reduced intake of dietary sugars was associated with a decrease in body weight (0.80 kg, 95% confidence interval 0.39 to 1.21; P<0.001); increased sugars intake was associated with a comparable weight increase (0.75 kg, 0.30 to 1.19; P=0.001). Isoenergetic exchange of dietary sugars with other carbohydrates showed no change in body weight (0.04 kg, -0.04 to 0.13). Trials in children, which involved recommendations to reduce intake of sugar sweetened foods and beverages, had low participant compliance to dietary advice; these trials showed no overall change in body weight. However, in relation to intakes of sugar sweetened beverages after one year follow-up in prospective studies, the odds ratio for being overweight or obese increased was 1.55 (1.32 to 1.82) among groups with the highest intake compared with those with the lowest intake. Despite significant heterogeneity in one meta-analysis and potential bias in some trials, sensitivity analyses showed that the trends were consistent and associations remained after these studies were excluded. Among free living people involving ad libitum diets, intake of free sugars or sugar sweetened beverages is a determinant of body weight. The change in body fatness that occurs with modifying intakes seems to be mediated via changes in energy intakes, since isoenergetic exchange of sugars with other carbohydrates was not associated with weight change.

0 comments Cited 102 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

Record: found
Abstract: found
Article: not found

Individual and environmental influences on adolescent eating behaviors.

Mary Story, Dianne Neumark-Sztainer, Simone French (2002)

Food choices of adolescents are not consistent with the Dietary Guidelines for Americans. Food intakes tend to be low in fruits, vegetables, and calcium-rich foods and high in fat. Skipping meals is also a concern among adolescents, especially girls. Factors influencing eating behaviors of adolescents need to be better understood to develop effective nutrition interventions to change eating behaviors. This article presents a conceptual model based on social cognitive theory and an ecological perspective for understanding factors that influence adolescent eating behaviors and food choices. In this model, adolescent eating behavior is conceptualized as a function of individual and environmental influences. Four levels of influence are described: individual or intrapersonal influences (eg, psychosocial, biological); social environmental or interpersonal (eg, family and peers); physical environmental or community settings (eg, schools, fast food outlets, convenience stores); and macrosystem or societal (eg, mass media, marketing and advertising, social and cultural norms).

0 comments Cited 87 times – based on 0 reviews      Review now

Bookmark

All references

Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nutr Res Pract

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nutr Res Pract

Journal ID (publisher-id): NRP

Title: Nutrition Research and Practice

Publisher: The Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition

ISSN (Print): 1976-1457

ISSN (Electronic): 2005-6168

Publication date (Print): October 2016

Publication date (Electronic): 07 July 2016

Volume: 10

Issue: 5

Pages: 537-545

Affiliations

[1 ]Department of Public Health Nutrition, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.

[2 ]Major of Food and Nutrition, School of Human Ecology, The Catholic University of Korea, 43 Jibong-ro, Wonmi-gu, Bucheon-si, Gyeonggi 14662, Korea.

Author notes

Corresponding Author: YoonJu Song, Tel. 82-2-2164-4681, Fax. 82-2-2164-6583, yjsong@ 123456catholic.ac.kr

Article

DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2016.10.5.537

PMC ID: 5037072

SO-VID: 00c9df71-97cd-42b0-9985-e39b7ca1ff8a

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

History

Date received : 12 April 2016

Date revision received : 23 May 2016

Date accepted : 09 June 2016

Funding

Funded by: National Research Foundation of Korea, CrossRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003725;

Award ID: NRF-2013R1A1A3010359

Dietary sugar intake and dietary behaviors in Korea: a pooled study of 2,599 children and adolescents aged 9-14 years

Read this article at

Abstract

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

SUBJECTS/METHODS

RESULTS

CONCLUSIONS

Related collections

Karger: Nutrition and Dietetics

Most cited references 34

Dynamics of the Chinese diet and the role of urbanicity, 1991-2011.

Dietary sugars and body weight: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies.

Individual and environmental influences on adolescent eating behaviors.

Author and article information

Journal

Affiliations

Author notes

Article

History

Funding

Categories

Comments

Comment on this article

Similar content 135

Most referenced authors 492