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      Redescription of two subterranean amphipods Niphargus molnari Méhely, 1927 and Niphargus gebhardti Schellenberg, 1934 (Amphipoda, Niphargidae) and their phylogenetic position

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          A detailed redescription of two endemic, cave-dwelling niphargid species of the Hungarian Mecsek Mts., Niphargus molnari Méhely, 1927 and Niphargus gebhardti Schellenberg, 1934 is given based on newly collected material. Morphology was studied under light microscopy and with scanning electon microscopy. Morphological descriptions are complemented with mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences as barcodes for both species and with notes on their ecology. Using three independent molecular markers we showed that Niphargus gebhardti belongs to the clade distributed between Central and Eastern Europe, whereas phylogenetic relationship of Niphargus molnari to the rest of Niphargus species is not clear. The two species from the Mecsek Mts. are phylogenetically not closely related. Both species need to be treated as vulnerable according to IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

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          The integrative future of taxonomy

          Background Taxonomy is the biological discipline that identifies, describes, classifies and names extant and extinct species and other taxa. Nowadays, species taxonomy is confronted with the challenge to fully incorporate new theory, methods and data from disciplines that study the origin, limits and evolution of species. Results Integrative taxonomy has been proposed as a framework to bring together these conceptual and methodological developments. Here we review perspectives for an integrative taxonomy that directly bear on what species are, how they can be discovered, and how much diversity is on Earth. Conclusions We conclude that taxonomy needs to be pluralistic to improve species discovery and description, and to develop novel protocols to produce the much-needed inventory of life in a reasonable time. To cope with the large number of candidate species revealed by molecular studies of eukaryotes, we propose a classification scheme for those units that will facilitate the subsequent assembly of data sets for the formal description of new species under the Linnaean system, and will ultimately integrate the activities of taxonomists and molecular biologists.
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            Gastropod evolutionary rates and phylogenetic relationships assessed using partial 28S rDNA and histone H3 sequences

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              The colonization of Europe by the freshwater crustacean Asellus aquaticus (Crustacea: Isopoda) proceeded from ancient refugia and was directed by habitat connectivity.

              Recent continental-scale phylogeographic studies have demonstrated that not all freshwater fauna colonized Europe from the classic Mediterranean peninsular refugia, and that northern or central parts of the continent were occupied before, and remained inhabited throughout the Pleistocene. The colonization history of the ubiquitous aquatic isopod crustacean Asellus aquaticus was assessed using mitochondrial COI and a variable part of nuclear 28S rDNA sequences. Phylogeographic analysis of the former suggested that dispersion proceeded possibly during late Miocene from the western part of the Pannonian basin. Several areas colonized from here have served as secondary refugia and/or origins of dispersion, well before the beginning of the Pleistocene. Postglacial large-scale range expansion was coupled with numerous separate local dispersions from different refugial areas. Connectivity of the freshwater habitat has played an important role in shaping the current distribution of genetic diversity, which was highest in large rivers. The importance of hydrographic connections for the maintenance of genetic contact was underscored by a discordant pattern of mtDNA and nuclear rDNA differentiation. Individuals from all over Europe, differing in their mtDNA to a level normally found between species or even genera (maximal within population nucleotide divergence reached 0.16 +/- 0.018), shared the same 28S rRNA gene sequence. Only populations from hydrographically isolated karst water systems in the northwestern Dinaric Karst had distinct 28S sequences. Here isolation seemed to be strong enough to prevent homogenization of the rRNA gene family, whereas across the rest of Europe genetic contact was sufficient for concerted evolution to act.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Zookeys
                Zookeys
                ZooKeys
                ZooKeys
                Pensoft Publishers
                1313-2989
                1313-2970
                2015
                24 June 2015
                : 509
                : 53-85
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Zoology, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Baross u. 13, 1088 Budapest, Hungary
                [2 ]Doctoral School of Animal-and Agricultural Environmental Sciences, Department of Animal Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, Deák Ferenc u. 16, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary
                [3 ]Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
                [4 ]Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
                [5 ]Laboratory of Molecular Taxonomy, Hungarian Natural History Museum, Ludovika tér 2, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Dorottya Angyal ( angyal.dorottya@ 123456gmail.com )

                Academic editor: C. O.Coleman

                Article
                10.3897/zookeys.509.9820
                4493343
                00cdc503-b19f-435d-aa4b-7857a5c027c8
                Dorottya Angyal, Gergely Balázs, Valerija Zakšek, Virág Krízsik, Cene Fišer

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 20 April 2015
                : 9 June 2015
                Categories
                Research Article

                Animal science & Zoology
                hungary,mecsek mts.,niphargus,redescription,morphology,phylogeny,endemism,sem,animalia,amphipoda,niphargidae

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