Effect of flavonoids on the essential elements in liver and kidney of rats exposed to aluminum

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Abstract

Abstract. Objectives: The aim of the study was to explore the protective effect of the flavonoids rutin, silymarin, and puerarin against aluminum (Al)-induced liver and kidney toxicity. Materials and methods: 80 male rats of SPF grade were randomly divided into 8 groups: control, Al-treated, low-dose rutin, high-dose rutin, low-dose silymarin, high-dose silymarin, low-dose puerarin, and high-dose puerarin. The control group received 1 mL/kg/day saline solution for 12 weeks. The other groups were exposed to Al at a dose of 281.40 mg/kg/day orally for 4 weeks. Then, they respectively received 1 mL/kg/day saline solution, 100 mg/(kg×day) rutin, 200 mg/(kg×day) rutin, 100 mg/(kg×day) silymarin, 200 mg/(kg×day) silymarin, 100 mg/(kg×day) puerarin, and 200 mg/(kg×day) puerarin for 8 weeks. The tested chemicals were given by gavage. At the end of the exposure period, iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results: Compared with the control group, the Al-treated rats’ Fe, Mg, Ca, and Zn concentrations in the liver were lower, and Fe, Mg, and Ca levels were lower in the kidney (p < 0.05). Treatment with rutin, silymarin, or puerarin can improve the content of Fe, Mg, and Ca in liver and kidney of rats exposed to Al (p < 0.05). High-dose flavonoids were more effective than low-dose flavonoids. Conclusion: The flavonoids rutin, silymarin, and puerarin have a protective effect on essential elements in rat liver and kidney exposed to Al. 

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Zinc in Infection and Inflammation

Nour Gammoh, Lothar Rink (2017)

Micronutrient homeostasis is a key factor in maintaining a healthy immune system. Zinc is an essential micronutrient that is involved in the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune responses. The main cause of zinc deficiency is malnutrition. Zinc deficiency leads to cell-mediated immune dysfunctions among other manifestations. Consequently, such dysfunctions lead to a worse outcome in the response towards bacterial infection and sepsis. For instance, zinc is an essential component of the pathogen-eliminating signal transduction pathways leading to neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) formation, as well as inducing cell-mediated immunity over humoral immunity by regulating specific factors of differentiation. Additionally, zinc deficiency plays a role in inflammation, mainly elevating inflammatory response as well as damage to host tissue. Zinc is involved in the modulation of the proinflammatory response by targeting Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB), a transcription factor that is the master regulator of proinflammatory responses. It is also involved in controlling oxidative stress and regulating inflammatory cytokines. Zinc plays an intricate function during an immune response and its homeostasis is critical for sustaining proper immune function. This review will summarize the latest findings concerning the role of this micronutrient during the course of infections and inflammatory response and how the immune system modulates zinc depending on different stimuli.

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In vitro antioxidant properties of rutin

Jianxiong Yang, Juan Guo, Jiangfeng Yuan (2008)

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Protective effect of rutin on paracetamol- and CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rodents.

Khalid H. Janbaz, Sheikh Saeed, Anwar H Gilani (2002)

Rutin, a well-known flavonoid was investigated for its possible protective effect against paracetamol- and CCl(4)-induced hepatic damage. Paracetamol produced 100% mortality at the dose of 1 g/kg in mice while pre-treatment of animals with rutin (20 mg/kg) reduced the death rate to 40%. Oral administration of a sub-lethal dose of paracetamol (640 mg/kg) produced liver damage in rats as manifested by the rise in serum level of transaminases (AST and ALT). Pre-treatment of rats with rutin (20 mg/kg) prevented the paracetamol-induced rise in serum enzymes. The hepatotoxic dose of CCl(4) (1.5 ml/kg; orally) also raised the serum AST and ALT levels. The same dose of rutin (20 mg/kg) was able to prevent the CCl(4)-induced rise in serum enzymes. Rutin also prevented the CCl(4)-induced prolongation in pentobarbital sleeping time confirming its hepatoprotectivity. These results indicate that rutin possesses hepatoprotective activity and the presence of this compound in Artemisia scoparia may explain the folkloric use of the plant in liver damage. Copyright 2002 Elsevier Science B.V.