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      Patterns in the skin microbiota differ in children and teenagers between rural and urban environments

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          Abstract

          The composition of human microbiota is affected by a multitude of factors. Understanding the dynamics of our microbial communities is important for promoting human health because microbiota has a crucial role in the development of inflammatory diseases, such as allergies. We have studied the skin microbiota of both arms in 275 Finnish children of few months old to teenagers living in contrasting environments. We show that while age is a major factor affecting skin microbial composition, the living environment also discriminates the skin microbiota of rural and urban children. The effect of environment is age-specific; it is most prominent in toddlers but weaker for newborns and non-existent for teenagers. Within-individual variation is also related to age and environment. Surprisingly, variation between arms is smaller in rural subjects in all age groups, except in teenagers. We also collected serum samples from children for characterization of allergic sensitization and found a weak, but significant association between allergic sensitization and microbial composition. We suggest that physiological and behavioral changes, related to age and the amount of contact with environmental microbiota, jointly influence the dynamics of the skin microbiota, and explain why the association between the living environment skin microbiota is lost in teenager.

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          Isolation and direct complete nucleotide determination of entire genes. Characterization of a gene coding for 16S ribosomal RNA.

          Using a set of synthetic oligonucleotides homologous to broadly conserved sequences in-vitro amplification via the polymerase chain reaction followed by direct sequencing results in almost complete nucleotide determination of a gene coding for 16S ribosomal RNA. As a model system the nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene of M.kansasii was determined and found to be 98.7% homologous to that of M.bovis BCG. This is the first report on a contiguous sequence information of an entire amplified gene spanning 1.5 kb without any subcloning procedures.
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            International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): rationale and methods.

            The aetiology of asthma and allergic disease remains poorly understood, despite considerable research. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), was founded to maximize the value of epidemiological research into asthma and allergic disease, by establishing a standardized methodology and facilitating international collaboration. Its specific aims are: 1) to describe the prevalence and severity of asthma, rhinitis and eczema in children living in different centres, and to make comparisons within and between countries; 2) to obtain baseline measures for assessment of future trends in the prevalence and severity of these diseases; and 3) to provide a framework for further aetiological research into genetic, lifestyle, environmental, and medical care factors affecting these diseases. The ISAAC design comprises three phases. Phase 1 uses core questionnaires designed to assess the prevalence and severity of asthma and allergic disease in defined populations. Phase 2 will investigate possible aetiological factors, particularly those suggested by the findings of Phase 1. Phase 3 will be a repetition of Phase 1 to assess trends in prevalence.
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              A comprehensive laboratory manual written by specialists who have made significant contributions to developments of these techniques. Considers all of the major nucleic acid based techniques that are revolutionizing bacterial classification and identification. Also provides a comparison of methods for converting molecular data to phylogenetic trees.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group
                2045-2322
                31 March 2017
                2017
                : 7
                : 45651
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
                [2 ]National Institute for Health and Welfare , FI-00271 Helsinki, Finland
                [3 ]Skin and Allergy Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital , FI-00029 Helsinki, Finland
                Author notes
                Article
                srep45651
                10.1038/srep45651
                5374497
                28361981
                00db28e6-e777-41fe-b685-7fd4181950da
                Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                : 01 November 2016
                : 28 February 2017
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