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      Influence of Different Coronal Preflaring Protocols on Electronic Foramen Locators Precision

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          Abstract

          Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of different coronal preflaring protocols (absent, conservative and conventional) on the accuracy of Root ZX II, Raypex 6, and RomiApex A-15 electronic foramen locators (EFLs). Twenty mandibular molars with Vertucci’s type IV mesial roots were subjected to endodontic exploration and foraminal patency confirmation. Under 16x magnification, its real lengths (RL) were measured and registered (RL1). The canals were then irrigated with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and electronically measured (EM1) employing the alginate model; all measurements were performed in triplicate by a blind operator using adjusted endodontic hand-files introduced until the apex foramen. Coronal preflaring procedures were sequentially performed with #25/.06 (conservative) and #25/.12 (conventional) instruments; new RLs extents were performed after each coronal preparation protocol (RL2/RL3), as same as electronic measurements (EM2/EM3). The devices error (mm) was evaluated considering the difference between RLs and EMs at each preparation stage; their precision was stablished adopting ±0.5 mm as tolerance margin. The EFLs error significantly reduced after conventional coronal preflaring protocol (p<0.05), which not occur after the conservative one. The best precisions values were noted after conventional preparation as 90% (Root ZX II), 97.5% (Raypex 6), and 92.5% (RomiApex A-15). No significant differences were found in EFLs comparisons, regardless of the coronal protocol tested (p>0.05). Under the conditions tested it can be concluded that the EFLs evaluated were precise. Moreover, the preflaring protocols influences its accuracy’s, where the less conservative one produced the best results.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência de diferentes protocolos de pré-alargamento cervical (ausente, conservador e convencional) na precisão dos localizadores eletrônicos foraminais (LEFs) Root ZX II, Raypex 6 e RomiApex A-15. Vinte molares inferiores com raízes mesiais do tipo IV de Vertucci foram submetidos à exploração endodôntica e confirmação da patência foraminal. Sob ampliação de 16x, seus comprimentos reais (CR) foram medidos e registrados (CR1). Os canais foram então irrigados com hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5% e medidos eletronicamente (ME1) utilizando o modelo em alginato; todas as medidas foram realizadas em triplicata por um operador cego, utilizando limas endodônticas ajustadas introduzidas até o forame apical. Os procedimentos de pré-alargamento cervical foram realizados sequencialmente com os instrumentos #25/.06 (conservador) e #25/.12 (convencional); novas determinações de CRs foram realizadas após cada protocolo de preparação cervical (CR2/CR3), da mesma forma que as medidas eletrônicas (ME2/ME3). O erro dos dispositivos (mm) foi avaliado considerando a diferença entre CRs e MEs em cada estágio de preparação; sua precisão foi estabelecida adotando ± 0,5 mm como margem de tolerância. O erro dos LEFs reduziu significativamente após o protocolo convencional de alargamento cervical (p<0,05), o que não ocorreu após o conservador. Os melhores valores de precisão foram observados após a preparação convencional como 90% (Root ZX II), 97,5% (Raypex 6) e 92,5% (RomiApex A-15). Não foram encontradas diferenças significantes nas comparações entre os LEFs, independentemente do protocolo cervical testado (p>0,05). Sob as condições testadas, pode-se concluir que os LEFs avaliados foram precisos. Além disso, os protocolos de alargamento influenciam sua precisão, onde o menos conservador produziu os melhores resultados.

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          Most cited references24

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          Impacts of conservative endodontic cavity on root canal instrumentation efficacy and resistance to fracture assessed in incisors, premolars, and molars.

          Conservative endodontic cavity (CEC) may improve fracture resistance of teeth but compromise the instrumentation of canals. This study assessed the impacts of CEC on both variables in 3 tooth types.
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            The fundamental operating principles of electronic root canal length measurement devices.

            It is generally accepted that root canal treatment procedures should be confined within the root canal system. To achieve this objective the canal terminus must be detected accurately during canal preparation and precise control of working length during the process must be maintained. Several techniques have been used for determining the apical canal terminus including electronic methods. However, the fundamental electronic operating principles and classification of the electronic devices used in this method are often unknown and a matter of controversy. The basic assumption with all electronic length measuring devices is that human tissues have certain characteristics that can be modelled by a combination of electrical components. Therefore, by measuring the electrical properties of the model, such as resistance and impedance, it should be possible to detect the canal terminus. The root canal system is surrounded by dentine and cementum that are insulators to electrical current. At the minor apical foramen, however, there is a small hole in which conductive materials within the canal space (tissue, fluid) are electrically connected to the periodontal ligament that is itself a conductor of electric current. Thus, dentine, along with tissue and fluid inside the canal, forms a resistor, the value of which depends on their dimensions, and their inherent resistivity. When an endodontic file penetrates inside the canal and approaches the minor apical foramen, the resistance between the endodontic file and the foramen decreases, because the effective length of the resistive material (dentine, tissue, fluid) decreases. As well as resistive properties, the structure of the tooth root has capacitive characteristics. Therefore, various electronic methods have been developed that use a variety of other principles to detect the canal terminus. Whilst the simplest devices measure resistance, other devices measure impedance using either high frequency, two frequencies, or multiple frequencies. In addition, some systems use low frequency oscillation and/or a voltage gradient method to detect the canal terminus. The aim of this review was to clarify the fundamental operating principles of the different types of electronic systems that claim to measure canal length.
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              Comparative evaluation of the impact of minimally invasive preparation vs. conventional straight-line preparation on tooth biomechanics: a finite element analysis.

              Minimally invasive endodontics emphasizes preservation of a maximal amount of healthy tooth tissue. However, whether the tooth structure preserved by minimally invasive endodontics can maintain higher fracture resistance is unclear. This study aimed to compare the biomechanics on teeth after minimally invasive (MI) preparation and straight-line (SL) preparation using finite element analysis. Six finite element analysis models of a mandibular first molar were constructed and divided into two groups (MI and SL). Two loads of 250 N, one vertically stimulating the vertical masticatory force and the other given 45° to the longitudinal axis of the tooth, were applied. Stresses in the teeth were calculated and analyzed. Under both vertical and 45° loads, the greatest stresses were located at the margin of the cavities on the occlusal surfaces. The stress concentration areas of teeth with minimally invasive access cavities were smaller than those of teeth prepared with straight-line opening in coronal and cervical areas. The stress concentration points in the cervical areas increased with the increase of canal taper in the coronal third. Minimally invasive access preparation reduced the stress distribution in crown and cervical regions. A smaller taper cervical enlargement caused lower stress in the cervical region.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bdj
                Brazilian Dental Journal
                Braz. Dent. J.
                Fundação Odontológica de Ribeirão Preto (Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil )
                0103-6440
                1806-4760
                August 2020
                : 31
                : 4
                : 404-408
                Affiliations
                [2] Taguatinga DF orgnameBrazilian Dental Association Brazil
                [3] Bauru orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Bauru Dental School orgdiv2Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials Brazil
                [4] Fortaleza Ceará orgnameUniversidade Federal do Ceará orgdiv1Post-graduate Program in Dentistry Brazil
                [1] Fortaleza CE orgnameFaculdade São Leopoldo Mandic orgdiv1School of Dentistry of Ceará Brazil
                Article
                S0103-64402020000400404 S0103-6440(20)03100400404
                10.1590/0103-6440202003282
                32901717
                00e4f393-4352-44b9-8a0f-adcc8d9fc3c2

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 04 May 2020
                : 25 March 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Articles

                electronic foramen locators,coronal preparation,clinical protocols,endodontics

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