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      Polinização e dispersão de sementes em Myrtaceae do Brasil Translated title: Pollination and seed dispersal of Brazilian Myrtaceae

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          Abstract

          Myrtaceae é uma das famílias de plantas mais importantes em várias formações vegetais brasileiras, especialmente nas florestas. Suas flores hermafroditas, de cor geralmente clara e com numerosos estames e os frutos carnosos são procurados por diversas espécies de animais. Esta revisão teve como objetivo sumarizar o conhecimento da ecologia reprodutiva das mirtáceas brasileiras, reunindo informações sobre os polinizadores e os dispersores de sementes do maior número de espécies. Os dados foram levantados da literatura, complementados com dados não publicados dos autores e outros pesquisadores. A maioria dos estudos de polinização foi desenvolvida no cerrado e os de dispersão na floresta atlântica. As flores de Myrtaceae são visitadas principalmente por abelhas, que coletam pólen e são os polinizadores da maioria das espécies. O maior número de visitas é de abelhas das subfamílias Meliponinae e Bombinae (Apidae). Outros insetos como moscas e vespas também visitam as flores das mirtáceas, poucas vezes atuando como polinizadores. A polinização por aves foi relatada em Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret e Myrrhinium atropurpureum Schott, cujo recurso floral principal são as pétalas carnosas e doces. As aves e os macacos são os principais dispersores de sementes das mirtáceas brasileiras, sendo que outros mamíferos, répteis, peixes e formigas interagem de forma eventual, podendo contribuir para a dispersão de sementes. As informações sobre os agentes polinizadores e dispersores de sementes de Myrtaceae no Brasil ainda são escassas, sendo que seu conhecimento é essencial para a conservação das espécies e florestas brasileiras.

          Translated abstract

          Myrtaceae is one of the most important plant families in Brazilian vegetation, especially forests. Its white, hermaphrodite flowers, with numerous stamens, and the fleshy fruits are exploited by a variety of animal species. This revision aimed to summarize the knowledge of the reproductive ecology of Brazilian Myrtaceae, bringing together information about the pollinators and seed dispersers of a great number of species. Data were compiled from the literature, complemented with unpublished information from the authors and other researchers. The majority of the pollination studies were carried out in Cerrado vegetation, whereas seed dispersal studies were conducted mainly on Atlantic forest. Pollen is the major resource offered by Myrtaceae flowers. The flowers are visited mainly by bees, the pollinators of almost all species studied until now. The greatest number of visits to flowers is from Meliponinae and Bombinae bees (Apidae). Other insects such as flies and wasps also visit myrtaceous flowers, occasionally acting as pollinators. Bird pollination was reported for Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret and Myrrhinium atropurpureum Schott, in which the main floral resource are the fleshy and sweet petals. Birds and monkeys are the main seed dispersers of Brazilian Myrtaceae, although other mammals, reptiles, fish and ants may interact and casually disperse seeds. Information on the pollination and seed dispersal agents of Myrtaceae in Brazil are still scarce, and its knowledge is essential to species preservation and the conservation of the Brazilian forests.

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          Forest fragmentation severs mutualism between seed dispersers and an endemic African tree.

          Because bird species are lost when forests are fragmented into small parcels, trees that depend on fruit-eating birds for seed dispersal may fail to recruit seedlings if dispersal agents disappear. We tested this prediction in rainforest in the East Usambara Mountains of Tanzania, by using the endemic tree Leptonychia usambarensis (Sterculiaceae) and birds that disperse its seeds. We investigated bird abundance and Leptonychia dispersal ecology in fragments isolated for >70 yr, as compared with 3,500 ha of continuous forest. Birds that dispersed Leptonychia seeds in continuous forest were rare or absent in small fragments, where fewer seeds were removed from each tree, far fewer seedlings occurred >10 m from parent trees, and far more seedlings occurred in dense aggregations under parental crowns. Overall, our samples showed that fewer juvenile Leptonychia recruited in fragments than in continuous forest. We provide solid evidence that deficient dispersal due to habitat fragmentation seriously impacts the reproductive cycle of a tropical bird-dispersed tree.
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            Diversity and evolutionary biology of tropical flowers

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              Árvores brasileiras

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbb
                Brazilian Journal of Botany
                Braz. J. Bot.
                Sociedade Botânica de São Paulo (São Paulo )
                1806-9959
                December 2006
                : 29
                : 4
                : 509-530
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Estadual Paulista Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos Brasil
                Article
                S0100-84042006000400002
                10.1590/S0100-84042006000400002
                00fc7049-bf06-415c-aee6-2f02ae5dfc59

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0100-8404&lng=en
                Categories
                PLANT SCIENCES

                Plant science & Botany
                Myrtaceae,pollination,seed dispersal,reproductive ecology,tropical forest,polinização,dispersão de sementes,ecologia reprodutiva,floresta tropical

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