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      Eyeing up the Future of the Pupillary Light Reflex in Neurodiagnostics

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          Abstract

          The pupillary light reflex (PLR) describes the constriction and subsequent dilation of the pupil in response to light as a result of the antagonistic actions of the iris sphincter and dilator muscles. Since these muscles are innervated by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems, respectively, different parameters of the PLR can be used as indicators for either sympathetic or parasympathetic modulation. Thus, the PLR provides an important metric of autonomic nervous system function that has been exploited for a wide range of clinical applications. Measurement of the PLR using dynamic pupillometry is now an established quantitative, non-invasive tool in assessment of traumatic head injuries. This review examines the more recent application of dynamic pupillometry as a diagnostic tool for a wide range of clinical conditions, varying from neurodegenerative disease to exposure to toxic chemicals, as well as its potential in the non-invasive diagnosis of infectious disease.

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          Task-evoked pupillary responses, processing load, and the structure of processing resources.

          Jackson Beatty (1982)
          Article 0 comments Cited 386 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in primate retina signal colour and irradiance and project to the LGN.

            Dennis M Dacey, Hsi-Wen Liao, Beth B Peterson … (2005)
            Human vision starts with the activation of rod photoreceptors in dim light and short (S)-, medium (M)-, and long (L)- wavelength-sensitive cone photoreceptors in daylight. Recently a parallel, non-rod, non-cone photoreceptive pathway, arising from a population of retinal ganglion cells, was discovered in nocturnal rodents. These ganglion cells express the putative photopigment melanopsin and by signalling gross changes in light intensity serve the subconscious, 'non-image-forming' functions of circadian photoentrainment and pupil constriction. Here we show an anatomically distinct population of 'giant', melanopsin-expressing ganglion cells in the primate retina that, in addition to being intrinsically photosensitive, are strongly activated by rods and cones, and display a rare, S-Off, (L + M)-On type of colour-opponent receptive field. The intrinsic, rod and (L + M) cone-derived light responses combine in these giant cells to signal irradiance over the full dynamic range of human vision. In accordance with cone-based colour opponency, the giant cells project to the lateral geniculate nucleus, the thalamic relay to primary visual cortex. Thus, in the diurnal trichromatic primate, 'non-image-forming' and conventional 'image-forming' retinal pathways are merged, and the melanopsin-based signal might contribute to conscious visual perception.
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              Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder: an MRI study.

              E Courchesne, C. Karns, H Davis … (2001)
              To quantify developmental abnormalities in cerebral and cerebellar volume in autism. The authors studied 60 autistic and 52 normal boys (age, 2 to 16 years) using MRI. Thirty autistic boys were diagnosed and scanned when 5 years or older. The other 30 were scanned when 2 through 4 years of age and then diagnosed with autism at least 2.5 years later, at an age when the diagnosis of autism is more reliable. Neonatal head circumferences from clinical records were available for 14 of 15 autistic 2- to 5-year-olds and, on average, were normal (35.1 +/- 1.3 cm versus clinical norms: 34.6 +/- 1.6 cm), indicative of normal overall brain volume at birth; one measure was above the 95th percentile. By ages 2 to 4 years, 90% of autistic boys had a brain volume larger than normal average, and 37% met criteria for developmental macrencephaly. Autistic 2- to 3-year-olds had more cerebral (18%) and cerebellar (39%) white matter, and more cerebral cortical gray matter (12%) than normal, whereas older autistic children and adolescents did not have such enlarged gray and white matter volumes. In the cerebellum, autistic boys had less gray matter, smaller ratio of gray to white matter, and smaller vermis lobules VI-VII than normal controls. Abnormal regulation of brain growth in autism results in early overgrowth followed by abnormally slowed growth. Hyperplasia was present in cerebral gray matter and cerebral and cerebellar white matter in early life in patients with autism.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Diagnostics (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Diagnostics (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): diagnostics
                Title: Diagnostics
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2075-4418
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 March 2018
                Publication date Collection: March 2018
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 19
                Affiliations
                Research Centre for Topical Drug Delivery and Toxicology, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield SP10 1JX, UK; c.hall5@ 123456herts.ac.uk
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: tox.publications@ 123456herts.ac.uk ; Tel.: +44-(0)7718696629
                Article
                Publisher ID: diagnostics-08-00019
                DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics8010019
                PMC ID: 5872002
                PubMed ID: 29534018
                SO-VID: 0117df93-09e7-44e4-bd07-040670976c34
                Copyright © © 2018 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 22 February 2018
                Date accepted : 12 March 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: pupillometry,acetylcholine,cholinergic system,neurodegeneration,trauma,infection,recreational drugs,chemicals,toxins,autism
                Data availability:
                Keywords: pupillometry, acetylcholine, cholinergic system, neurodegeneration, trauma, infection, recreational drugs, chemicals, toxins, autism

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