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      New solutions for antibiotic discovery: Prioritizing microbial biosynthetic space using ecology and machine learning

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      1 , 2 , 2
      PLOS Biology
      Public Library of Science

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          Abstract

          With the explosive increase in genome sequence data, perhaps the major challenge in natural-product-based drug discovery is the identification of gene clusters most likely to specify new chemistry and bioactivities. We discuss the challenges and state-of-the-art of antibiotic discovery based on ecological principles, genome mining and artificial intelligence.

          Abstract

          A major challenge in natural-product-based drug discovery is the identification of gene clusters most likely to specify new chemistry and bioactivities. This Perspective discusses the challenges and state of the art of antibiotic discovery.

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          Most cited references14

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          Cistrome and Epicistrome Features Shape the Regulatory DNA Landscape.

          The cistrome is the complete set of transcription factor (TF) binding sites (cis-elements) in an organism, while an epicistrome incorporates tissue-specific DNA chemical modifications and TF-specific chemical sensitivities into these binding profiles. Robust methods to construct comprehensive cistrome and epicistrome maps are critical for elucidating complex transcriptional networks that underlie growth, behavior, and disease. Here, we describe DNA affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq), a high-throughput TF binding site discovery method that interrogates genomic DNA with in-vitro-expressed TFs. Using DAP-seq, we defined the Arabidopsis cistrome by resolving motifs and peaks for 529 TFs. Because genomic DNA used in DAP-seq retains 5-methylcytosines, we determined that >75% (248/327) of Arabidopsis TFs surveyed were methylation sensitive, a property that strongly impacts the epicistrome landscape. DAP-seq datasets also yielded insight into the biology and binding site architecture of numerous TFs, demonstrating the value of DAP-seq for cost-effective cistromic and epicistromic annotation in any organism.
            • Record: found
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            Genomic basis for natural product biosynthetic diversity in the actinomycetes.

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              Chemical ecology of antibiotic production by actinomycetes.

              Actinomycetes are a diverse family of filamentous bacteria that produce a plethora of natural products relevant for agriculture, biotechnology and medicine, including the majority of the antibiotics we use in the clinic. Rather than as free-living bacteria, many actinomycetes have evolved to live in symbiosis with among others plants, fungi, insects and sponges. As a common theme, these organisms profit from the natural products and enzymes produced by the actinomycetes, for example, for protection against pathogenic microbes, for growth promotion or for the degradation of complex natural polymers such as lignocellulose. At the same time, the actinomycetes benefit from the resources of the hosts they interact with. Evidence is accumulating that these interactions control the expression of biosynthetic gene clusters and have played a major role in the evolution of the high chemical diversity of actinomycete-produced secondary metabolites. Many of the biosynthetic gene clusters for antibiotics are poorly expressed under laboratory conditions, but they are likely expressed in response to host-specific demands. Here, we review the environmental triggers and cues that control natural product formation by actinomycetes and provide pointers as to how these insights may be harnessed for drug discovery.

                Author and article information

                Journal
                PLoS Biol
                PLoS Biol
                plos
                PLOS Biology
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1544-9173
                1545-7885
                28 February 2025
                February 2025
                28 February 2025
                : 23
                : 2
                : e3003058
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Bioinformatics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
                [2 ] Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
                Author notes

                The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0341-1561
                Article
                PBIOLOGY-D-25-00231
                10.1371/journal.pbio.3003058
                11878895
                40019875
                0124f95a-4212-42c8-8c53-ec101db57c49
                © 2025 Medema, van Wezel

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Pages: 3
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Perspective
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Pharmacology
                Drugs
                Antimicrobials
                Antibiotics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Microbiology
                Microbial Control
                Antimicrobials
                Antibiotics
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Pharmacology
                Drug Research and Development
                Drug Discovery
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Artificial Intelligence
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Applied Mathematics
                Algorithms
                Machine Learning Algorithms
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Simulation and Modeling
                Algorithms
                Machine Learning Algorithms
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Artificial Intelligence
                Machine Learning
                Machine Learning Algorithms
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Artificial Intelligence
                Machine Learning
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Genetics
                Genomics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Microbiology
                Microbial Control
                Antimicrobial Resistance
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Pharmacology
                Antimicrobial Resistance
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Chemical Ecology
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Chemical Ecology
                Custom metadata
                vor-update-to-uncorrected-proof
                2025-03-04

                Life sciences
                Life sciences

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