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      Striatal Dopamine Deficit and Motor Impairment in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus

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          “Mini-mental state”

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            Automated anatomical labeling of activations in SPM using a macroscopic anatomical parcellation of the MNI MRI single-subject brain.

            An anatomical parcellation of the spatially normalized single-subject high-resolution T1 volume provided by the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) (D. L. Collins et al., 1998, Trans. Med. Imag. 17, 463-468) was performed. The MNI single-subject main sulci were first delineated and further used as landmarks for the 3D definition of 45 anatomical volumes of interest (AVOI) in each hemisphere. This procedure was performed using a dedicated software which allowed a 3D following of the sulci course on the edited brain. Regions of interest were then drawn manually with the same software every 2 mm on the axial slices of the high-resolution MNI single subject. The 90 AVOI were reconstructed and assigned a label. Using this parcellation method, three procedures to perform the automated anatomical labeling of functional studies are proposed: (1) labeling of an extremum defined by a set of coordinates, (2) percentage of voxels belonging to each of the AVOI intersected by a sphere centered by a set of coordinates, and (3) percentage of voxels belonging to each of the AVOI intersected by an activated cluster. An interface with the Statistical Parametric Mapping package (SPM, J. Ashburner and K. J. Friston, 1999, Hum. Brain Mapp. 7, 254-266) is provided as a freeware to researchers of the neuroimaging community. We believe that this tool is an improvement for the macroscopical labeling of activated area compared to labeling assessed using the Talairach atlas brain in which deformations are well known. However, this tool does not alleviate the need for more sophisticated labeling strategies based on anatomical or cytoarchitectonic probabilistic maps.
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              MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease.

              This document presents the Movement Disorder Society Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson's disease (PD). The Movement Disorder Society PD Criteria are intended for use in clinical research but also may be used to guide clinical diagnosis. The benchmark for these criteria is expert clinical diagnosis; the criteria aim to systematize the diagnostic process, to make it reproducible across centers and applicable by clinicians with less expertise in PD diagnosis. Although motor abnormalities remain central, increasing recognition has been given to nonmotor manifestations; these are incorporated into both the current criteria and particularly into separate criteria for prodromal PD. Similar to previous criteria, the Movement Disorder Society PD Criteria retain motor parkinsonism as the core feature of the disease, defined as bradykinesia plus rest tremor or rigidity. Explicit instructions for defining these cardinal features are included. After documentation of parkinsonism, determination of PD as the cause of parkinsonism relies on three categories of diagnostic features: absolute exclusion criteria (which rule out PD), red flags (which must be counterbalanced by additional supportive criteria to allow diagnosis of PD), and supportive criteria (positive features that increase confidence of the PD diagnosis). Two levels of certainty are delineated: clinically established PD (maximizing specificity at the expense of reduced sensitivity) and probable PD (which balances sensitivity and specificity). The Movement Disorder Society criteria retain elements proven valuable in previous criteria and omit aspects that are no longer justified, thereby encapsulating diagnosis according to current knowledge. As understanding of PD expands, the Movement Disorder Society criteria will need continuous revision to accommodate these advances.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                Movement Disorders
                Mov Disord
                Wiley
                0885-3185
                1531-8257
                January 2021
                November 05 2020
                January 2021
                : 36
                : 1
                : 124-132
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia Italy
                [2 ]Neurology Department University Hospital and Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg Würzburg Germany
                [3 ]Nuclear Medicine Department University Hospital Würzburg Würzburg Germany
                [4 ]Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences University of Pavia Pavia Italy
                [5 ]Nuclear Medicine Unit Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri SpA SB IRCCS Pavia Italy
                [6 ]Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine University of Pisa Pisa Italy
                [7 ]Neuroradiology Unit IRCCS Mondino Foundation Pavia Italy
                [8 ]Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network Toronto Ontario Canada
                [9 ]Division of Neurology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
                [10 ]Krembil Brain Institute Toronto Ontario Canada
                [11 ]CenteR for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA) Toronto Ontario Canada
                Article
                10.1002/mds.28366
                33151012
                012a7b9c-e5ee-4c61-9666-9296d41f4a24
                © 2021

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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