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      Extraction, Purification, Structural Characteristics, Biological Activities and Pharmacological Applications of Acemannan, a Polysaccharide from Aloe vera: A Review

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          Abstract

          Aloe vera is a medicinal plant species of the genus Aloe with a long history of usage around the world. Acemannan, considered one of the main bioactive polysaccharides of Aloe vera, possesses immunoregulation, anti-cancer, anti-oxidation, wound healing and bone proliferation promotion, neuroprotection, and intestinal health promotion activities, among others. In this review, recent advancements in the extraction, purification, structural characteristics and biological activities of acemannan from Aloe vera were summarized. Among these advancements, the structural characteristics of purified polysaccharides were reviewed in detail. Meanwhile, the biological activities of acemannan from Aloe vera determined by in vivo, in vitro and clinical experiments are summarized, and possible mechanisms of these bioactivities were discussed. Moreover, the latest research progress on the use of acemannan in dentistry and wound healing was also summarized in details. The structure-activity relationships of acemannan and its medical applications were discussed. Finally, new perspectives for future research work on acemannan were proposed. In conclusion, this review summarizes the extraction, purification, structural characteristics, biological activities and pharmacological applications of acemannan, and provides information for the industrial production and possible applications in dentistry and wound healing in the future.

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          Development of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

          Frederic Geissmann, Markus Manz, Steffen Jung … (2010)
          Monocytes and macrophages are critical effectors and regulators of inflammation and the innate immune response, the immediate arm of the immune system. Dendritic cells initiate and regulate the highly pathogen-specific adaptive immune responses and are central to the development of immunologic memory and tolerance. Recent in vivo experimental approaches in the mouse have unveiled new aspects of the developmental and lineage relationships among these cell populations. Despite this, the origin and differentiation cues for many tissue macrophages, monocytes, and dendritic cell subsets in mice, and the corresponding cell populations in humans, remain to be elucidated.
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            Normal structure, function, and histology of the spleen.

            Mark Cesta (2005)
            The spleen is the largest secondary immune organ in the body and is responsible for initiating immune reactions to blood-borne antigens and for filtering the blood of foreign material and old or damaged red blood cells. These functions are carried out by the 2 main compartments of the spleen, the white pulp (including the marginal zone) and the red pulp, which are vastly different in their architecture, vascular organization, and cellular composition. The morphology of these compartments is described and, to a lesser extent, their functions are discussed. The variation between species and effects of aging and genetics on splenic morphology are also discussed.
            Article 0 comments Cited 190 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Composition and Applications of Aloe vera Leaf Gel

              Josias H Hamman (2008)
              Many of the health benefits associated with Aloe vera have been attributed to the polysaccharides contained in the gel of the leaves. These biological activities include promotion of wound healing, antifungal activity, hypoglycemic or antidiabetic effects anti-inflammatory, anticancer, immunomodulatory and gastroprotective properties. While the known biological activities of A. vera will be briefly discussed, it is the aim of this review to further highlight recently discovered effects and applications of the leaf gel. These effects include the potential of whole leaf or inner fillet gel liquid preparations of A. vera to enhance the intestinal absorption and bioavailability of co-administered compounds as well as enhancement of skin permeation. In addition, important pharmaceutical applications such as the use of the dried A. vera gel powder as an excipient in sustained release pharmaceutical dosage forms will be outlined.
              Article 0 comments Cited 163 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Cédric Delattre: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Molecules
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Molecules
                Journal ID (publisher-id): molecules
                Title: Molecules
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1420-3049
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 April 2019
                Publication date Collection: April 2019
                Volume: 24
                Issue: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1554
                Affiliations
                [1 ]State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; liuchang670250789@ 123456gmail.com (C.L.); pifuwei@ 123456jiangnan.edu.cn (F.P.); wxfoodcyl@ 123456126.com (Y.C.)
                [2 ]Synergetic Innovation Center for Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
                [3 ]Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Key Laboratory of Preservation Engineering of Agricultural Products, Ningbo Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ningbo 315040, China; cuiyan1605@ 123456126.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: guoyahui@ 123456jiangnan.edu.cn (Y.G.); amtf168168@ 123456126.com (H.Q.); Tel.: +86-510-8532-8713 (Y.G. & H.Q.)
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3735-5238
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6512-355X
                Article
                Publisher ID: molecules-24-01554
                DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081554
                PMC ID: 6515206
                PubMed ID: 31010204
                SO-VID: 0165c1ba-d013-4505-b8aa-2999d651296d
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 26 March 2019
                Date accepted : 17 April 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: aloe vera,polysaccharide,acemannan,biological activity,applications,structure
                Data availability:
                Keywords: aloe vera, polysaccharide, acemannan, biological activity, applications, structure

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