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      Heavy metal accumulation potential in pomegranate fruits and leaves grown in roadside orchards

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      PeerJ
      PeerJ Inc.
      Heavy metal, Pollution, Roadside, Traffic, Fruit, Pomegranate, Punica granatum L.

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          Abstract

          This study was carried out to determine the possible heavy metal accumulation in fruits and leaves of Zivzik pomegranate ( Punica granatum L.) grown in two different roadside orchards located in Pirinçli and Kapılı villages of Siirt province, Turkey. Leaf and fruit samples were collected from trees located at 0, 50, 100 m distances from the main roads. Plant samples were analyzed for cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) concentrations. The Co, Ni, Cd, Pb and Cr concentrations of fruit samples collected from Pirinçli village were ranged from 0.082 to 0.238 mg kg −1, from 1.160 to 1.559 mg kg −1, from 0.087 to 0.179 mg kg −1, 0.326 to 0.449 mg kg −1 and 0.606 to 1.054 mg kg −1, respectively. The Co, Ni, Cd, Pb and Cr concentrations of fruit samples from Kapılı village were between 0.085 and 0.137 mg kg −1, 1.042 and 1.123 mg kg −1, 0.037 and 0.076 mg kg −1, 0.277 and 0.520 mg kg −1 and 0.762 and 0.932 mg kg −1, respectively. Heavy metal concentrations of leaf samples from Pirinçli village varied from 0.191 to 0.227 mg Co kg −1, 2.201 to 3.547 mg Ni kg −1, 0.051 to 0.098 mg Cd kg −1, 0.535 to 0.749 mg Pb kg −1 and from 1.444 to 2.017 mg Cr kg −1. Similarly, the heavy metal concentration of leaf samples from Kapılı villages were between 0.213 and 0.217 mg Co kg −1, 2.160 and 2.511 mg Ni kg −1, 0.058 and 0.114 mg Cd kg −1, 0.579 and 0.676 mg Pb kg −1 and 1.688 and 1.518 mg Cr kg −1. The Co, Ni and Cr concentrations in fruit samples collected from 0, 50 and 100 meters to the main road in Pirinçli village were at statistically significant level, while only Ni concentration in leaf samples collected from 0, 50 and 100 meters to the main road was at significant level. In contrast, heavy metal concentrations in fruit and leaf samples collected from 0, 50 and 100 m to the main road in Kapılı village were not statistically significant level.

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          Lead toxicity in plants

          Contamination of soils by heavy metals is of widespread occurrence as a result of human, agricultural and industrial activities. Among heavy metals, lead is a potential pollutant that readily accumulates in soils and sediments. Although lead is not an essential element for plants, it gets easily absorbed and accumulated in different plant parts. Uptake of Pb in plants is regulated by pH, particle size and cation exchange capacity of the soils as well as by root exudation and other physico-chemical parameters. Excess Pb causes a number of toxicity symptoms in plants e.g. stunted growth, chlorosis and blackening of root system. Pb inhibits photosynthesis, upsets mineral nutrition and water balance, changes hormonal status and affects membrane structure and permeability. This review addresses various morphological, physiological and biochemical effects of Pb toxicity and also strategies adopted by plants for Pb-detoxification and developing tolerance to Pb. Mechanisms of Pb-detoxification include sequestration of Pb in the vacuole, phytochelatin synthesis and binding to glutathione and aminoacids etc. Pb tolerance is associated with the capacity of plants to restrict Pb to the cell walls, synthesis of osmolytes and activation of antioxidant defense system. Remediation of soils contaminated with Pb using phytoremediation and rhizofiltration technologies appear to have great potential for cleaning of Pb-contaminated soils.
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            Foliar heavy metal uptake, toxicity and detoxification in plants: A comparison of foliar and root metal uptake.

            Anthropologic activities have transformed global biogeochemical cycling of heavy metals by emitting considerable quantities of these metals into the atmosphere from diverse sources. In spite of substantial and progressive developments in industrial processes and techniques to reduce environmental emissions, atmospheric contamination by toxic heavy metals and associated ecological and health risks are still newsworthy. Atmospheric heavy metals may be absorbed via foliar organs of plants after wet or dry deposition of atmospheric fallouts on plant canopy. Unlike root metal transfer, which has been largely studied, little is known about heavy metal uptake by plant leaves from the atmosphere. To the best of our understanding, significant research gaps exist regarding foliar heavy metal uptake. This is the first review regarding biogeochemical behaviour of heavy metals in atmosphere-plant system. The review summarizes the mechanisms involved in foliar heavy metal uptake, transfer, compartmentation, toxicity and in plant detoxification. We have described the biological and environmental factors that affect foliar uptake of heavy metals and compared the biogeochemical behaviour (uptake, translocation, compartmentation, toxicity and detoxification) of heavy metals for root and foliar uptake. The possible health risks associated with the consumption of heavy metal-laced food are also discussed.
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              Heavy metals: Implications associated to fish consumption.

              Metals are being utilized of ways in industries and agriculture; particularly heavy metals such as mercury, cadmium, lead and arsenic constitute a significant potential threat to human health because they are associated to many adverse effects on health. The consumption of fish is recommended because it is a good source of omega-3 fatty acids, which have been associated with health benefits due to its cardio-protective effects. However, the content of heavy metals discovered in some fish makes it difficult to establish clearly the role of fish consumption on a healthy diet. Therefore the present mini-review accounts for the recent evidence of the effect of these toxic metals on the human health and their possible implications in fish consumption. Copyright © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                PeerJ
                PeerJ
                peerj
                peerj
                PeerJ
                PeerJ Inc. (San Diego, USA )
                2167-8359
                14 April 2020
                2020
                : 8
                : e8990
                Affiliations
                [-1] Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Siirt University , Siirt, Turkey
                Article
                8990
                10.7717/peerj.8990
                7164423
                019644ea-a92b-4b18-84bd-db481a060634
                ©2020 Demirhan Aydın and Pakyürek

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

                History
                : 11 September 2019
                : 26 March 2020
                Funding
                The authors received no funding for this work.
                Categories
                Agricultural Science
                Ecotoxicology

                heavy metal,pollution,roadside,traffic,fruit,pomegranate,punica granatum l.

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