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      A Feasibility Study of SSVEP-Based Passive Training on an Ankle Rehabilitation Robot

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          Abstract

          Objective

          This study aims to establish a steady-state visual evoked potential- (SSVEP-) based passive training protocol on an ankle rehabilitation robot and validate its feasibility.

          Method

          This paper combines SSVEP signals and the virtual reality circumstance through constructing information transmission loops between brains and ankle robots. The robot can judge motion intentions of subjects and trigger the training when subjects pay their attention on one of the four flickering circles. The virtual reality training circumstance provides real-time visual feedback of ankle rotation.

          Result

          All five subjects succeeded in conducting ankle training based on the SSVEP-triggered training strategy following their motion intentions. The lowest success rate is 80%, and the highest one is 100%. The lowest information transfer rate (ITR) is 11.5 bits/min when the biggest one of the robots for this proposed training is set as 24 bits/min.

          Conclusion

          The proposed training strategy is feasible and promising to be combined with a robot for ankle rehabilitation. Future work will focus on adopting more advanced data process techniques to improve the reliability of intention detection and investigating how patients respond to such a training strategy.

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          Most cited references32

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          Brain-computer interface technology: a review of the first international meeting

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            Brain-computer interface technology: a review of the first international meeting.

            Over the past decade, many laboratories have begun to explore brain-computer interface (BCI) technology as a radically new communication option for those with neuromuscular impairments that prevent them from using conventional augmentative communication methods. BCI's provide these users with communication channels that do not depend on peripheral nerves and muscles. This article summarizes the first international meeting devoted to BCI research and development. Current BCI's use electroencephalographic (EEG) activity recorded at the scalp or single-unit activity recorded from within cortex to control cursor movement, select letters or icons, or operate a neuroprosthesis. The central element in each BCI is a translation algorithm that converts electrophysiological input from the user into output that controls external devices. BCI operation depends on effective interaction between two adaptive controllers, the user who encodes his or her commands in the electrophysiological input provided to the BCI, and the BCI which recognizes the commands contained in the input and expresses them in device control. Current BCI's have maximum information transfer rates of 5-25 b/min. Achievement of greater speed and accuracy depends on improvements in signal processing, translation algorithms, and user training. These improvements depend on increased interdisciplinary cooperation between neuroscientists, engineers, computer programmers, psychologists, and rehabilitation specialists, and on adoption and widespread application of objective methods for evaluating alternative methods. The practical use of BCI technology depends on the development of appropriate applications, identification of appropriate user groups, and careful attention to the needs and desires of individual users. BCI research and development will also benefit from greater emphasis on peer-reviewed publications, and from adoption of standard venues for presentations and discussion.
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              Design and implementation of a brain-computer interface with high transfer rates.

              This paper presents a brain-computer interface (BCI) that can help users to input phone numbers. The system is based on the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP). Twelve buttons illuminated at different rates were displayed on a computer monitor. The buttons constituted a virtual telephone keypad, representing the ten digits 0-9, BACKSPACE, and ENTER. Users could input phone number by gazing at these buttons. The frequency-coded SSVEP was used to judge which button the user desired. Eight of the thirteen subjects succeeded in ringing the mobile phone using the system. The average transfer rate over all subjects was 27.15 bits/min. The attractive features of the system are noninvasive signal recording, little training required for use, and high information transfer rate. Approaches to improve the performance of the system are discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                J Healthc Eng
                J Healthc Eng
                JHE
                Journal of Healthcare Engineering
                Hindawi
                2040-2295
                2040-2309
                2017
                17 September 2017
                : 2017
                : 6819056
                Affiliations
                1School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, Wuhan, China
                2Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
                3School of Mechanical Engineering, School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Duo Wai-Chi Wong

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5433-4386
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3020-2215
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8016-1856
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8082-9112
                Article
                10.1155/2017/6819056
                5623787
                29075429
                019d359c-35f5-48e8-af0e-8fae6d405517
                Copyright © 2017 Xiangfeng Zeng et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 5 May 2017
                : 5 July 2017
                : 1 August 2017
                Categories
                Research Article

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