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      Corticospinal Neurons in Macaque Ventral Premotor Cortex with Mirror Properties: A Potential Mechanism for Action Suppression?

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          Summary

          The discovery of “mirror neurons” in area F5 of the ventral premotor cortex has prompted many theories as to their possible function. However, the identity of mirror neurons remains unknown. Here, we investigated whether identified pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) in area F5 of two adult macaques exhibited “mirror-like” activity. About half of the 64 PTNs tested showed significant modulation of their activity while monkeys observed precision grip of an object carried out by an experimenter, with somewhat fewer showing modulation during precision grip without an object or grasping concealed from the monkey. Therefore, mirror-like activity can be transmitted directly to the spinal cord via PTNs. A novel finding is that many PTNs (17/64) showed complete suppression of discharge during action observation, while firing actively when the monkey grasped food rewards. We speculate that this suppression of PTN discharge might be involved in the inhibition of self-movement during action observation.

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          Unsupervised spike detection and sorting with wavelets and superparamagnetic clustering.

          R. Quian Quiroga, Z Nádasdy, Y. BEN-SHAUL (2004)
          This study introduces a new method for detecting and sorting spikes from multiunit recordings. The method combines the wavelet transform, which localizes distinctive spike features, with superparamagnetic clustering, which allows automatic classification of the data without assumptions such as low variance or gaussian distributions. Moreover, an improved method for setting amplitude thresholds for spike detection is proposed. We describe several criteria for implementation that render the algorithm unsupervised and fast. The algorithm is compared to other conventional methods using several simulated data sets whose characteristics closely resemble those of in vivo recordings. For these data sets, we found that the proposed algorithm outperformed conventional methods.
          Article 0 comments Cited 534 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Action recognition in the premotor cortex.

            G. Rizzolatti, L. Fadiga, L. Fogassi … (1996)
            We recorded electrical activity from 532 neurons in the rostral part of inferior area 6 (area F5) of two macaque monkeys. Previous data had shown that neurons of this area discharge during goal-directed hand and mouth movements. We describe here the properties of a newly discovered set of F5 neurons ("mirror neurons', n = 92) all of which became active both when the monkey performed a given action and when it observed a similar action performed by the experimenter. Mirror neurons, in order to be visually triggered, required an interaction between the agent of the action and the object of it. The sight of the agent alone or of the object alone (three-dimensional objects, food) were ineffective. Hand and the mouth were by far the most effective agents. The actions most represented among those activating mirror neurons were grasping, manipulating and placing. In most mirror neurons (92%) there was a clear relation between the visual action they responded to and the motor response they coded. In approximately 30% of mirror neurons the congruence was very strict and the effective observed and executed actions corresponded both in terms of general action (e.g. grasping) and in terms of the way in which that action was executed (e.g. precision grip). We conclude by proposing that mirror neurons form a system for matching observation and execution of motor actions. We discuss the possible role of this system in action recognition and, given the proposed homology between F5 and human Brocca's region, we posit that a matching system, similar to that of mirror neurons exists in humans and could be involved in recognition of actions as well as phonetic gestures.
            Article 0 comments Cited 253 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The origin of corticospinal projections from the premotor areas in the frontal lobe.

              RP Dum, PL Strick (1991)
              We determined the origin of corticospinal neurons in the frontal lobe. These neurons were labeled by retrograde transport of tracers after injections into either the dorsolateral funiculus at the second cervical segment or the gray matter of the spinal cord throughout the cervical enlargement. Using retrograde transport of tracer from the arm area of the primary motor cortex, we defined the arm representation in each premotor area in another set of animals. We found that corticospinal projections to cervical segments of the spinal cord originate from the primary motor cortex and from the 6 premotor areas in the frontal lobe. These are the same premotor areas that project directly to the arm area of the primary motor cortex. The premotor areas are located in parts of cytoarchitectonic area 6 on the lateral surface and medial wall of the hemisphere, as well as in subfields of areas 23 and 24 in the cingulate sulcus. The total number of corticospinal neurons in the arm representations of the premotor areas equals or exceeds the total number in the arm representation of the primary motor cortex. The premotor areas collectively comprise more than 60% of the cortical area in the frontal lobe that projects to the spinal cord. Like the primary motor cortex, each of the premotor areas contains local regions that have a high density of corticospinal neurons. These observations indicate that a substantial component of the corticospinal system originates from the premotor areas in the frontal lobe. Each of the premotor areas has direct access to the spinal cord, and as a consequence, each has the potential to influence the generation and control of movement independently of the primary motor cortex. These findings raise serious questions about the utility of viewing the primary motor cortex as the "upper motoneuron" or "final common pathway" for the central control of movement.
              Article 0 comments Cited 193 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Roger N. Lemon
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Neuron
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Neuron
                Title: Neuron
                Publisher: Cell Press
                ISSN (Print): 0896-6273
                ISSN (Electronic): 1097-4199
                Publication date PMC-release: 24 December 2009
                Publication date (Print): 24 December 2009
                Volume: 64
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 922-930
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author rlemon@ 123456ion.ucl.ac.uk
                Article
                Publisher ID: NEURON10076
                DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.12.010
                PMC ID: 2862290
                PubMed ID: 20064397
                SO-VID: 01c9cf8f-107a-478e-be98-a548c1f2d191
                Copyright © © 2009 ELL & Excerpta Medica.
                License:

                This document may be redistributed and reused, subject to certain conditions.

                History
                Date accepted : 7 December 2009
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: sysneuro
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: sysneuro

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