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      Updated distribution of the invasive Megachile sculpturalis (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) in Italy and its first record on a Mediterranean island

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          Abstract

          Megachile sculpturalis (Smith, 1853) ( Hymenoptera : Megachilidae ) is an invasive solitary bee that is rapidly spreading all over Europe. The present study aims to update the distribution of this species in Italy. The research led to the collection of 177 records, obtained through bibliographic research and data-mining from websites, blogs and social networks. We here present the first record of M. sculpturalis on a Mediterranean island and discuss its possible effect on the native ecosystem. Given the particular discovery of M. sculpturalis on Elba Island (Tuscany), we suggest possible monitoring, containment and possible eradication measures of the species.

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          MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms.

          Sudhir Kumar, Glen Stecher, Michael KaWah Li … (2018)
          The Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (Mega) software implements many analytical methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. Here, we report a transformation of Mega to enable cross-platform use on Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems. Mega X does not require virtualization or emulation software and provides a uniform user experience across platforms. Mega X has additionally been upgraded to use multiple computing cores for many molecular evolutionary analyses. Mega X is available in two interfaces (graphical and command line) and can be downloaded from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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            TCS: a computer program to estimate gene genealogies.

            M. Clement, D Posada, K. Crandall (2000)
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              The Bees of the World

              Charles D. Michener (2007)
              In this extensive update of his definitive reference, Charles D. Michener reveals a diverse fauna that numbers more than 17,000 species and ranges from the common honeybee to rare bees that feed on the pollen of a single type of plant. With many new facts, reclassifications, and revisions, the second edition of The Bees of the World provides the most comprehensive treatment of the 1,200 genera and subgenera of the Apiformes. Included are hundreds of updated citations to work published since the appearance of the first edition and a new set of plates of fossil bees. The book begins with extensive introductory sections that include bee evolution, classification of the various bee families, the coevolution of bees and flowering plants, nesting behavior, differences between solitary and social bees, and the anatomy of these amazing insects. Drawing on modern studies and evidence from the fossil record, Michener reveals what the ancestral bee—the protobee—might have looked like. He also cites the major literature on bee biology and describes the need for further research on the systematics and natural history of bees, including their importance as pollinators of crops and natural vegetation. The greater part of the work consists of an unprecedented treatment of bee systematics, with keys for identification to the subgenus level. For each genus and subgenus, Michener includes a brief natural history describing geographical range, number of species, and noteworthy information pertaining to nesting or floral biology. The book is beautifully illustrated with more than 500 drawings and photographs that depict behavior, detailed morphology, and ecology. Accented with color plates of select bees, The Bees of the World will continue to be the world's best reference on these diverse insects.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Enrico Ruzzier:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1020-1247
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biodivers Data J
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biodivers Data J
                Journal ID (publisher-id): 1
                Journal ID (index): urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:F9B2E808-C883-5F47-B276-6D62129E4FF4
                Journal ID (aggregator): urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:245B00E9-BFE5-4B4F-B76E-15C30BA74C02
                Title: Biodiversity Data Journal
                Publisher: Pensoft Publishers
                ISSN (Print): 1314-2836
                ISSN (Electronic): 1314-2828
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 November 2020
                Volume: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: e57783
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universtità degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro (Padova), Italy Universtità degli Studi di Padova Legnaro (Padova) Italy
                [2 ] World Biodiversity Association onlus c/o NAT LAB Forte Inglese, Portoferraio (LI), Italy World Biodiversity Association onlus c/o NAT LAB Forte Inglese Portoferraio (LI) Italy
                [3 ] Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy Università degli Studi di Firenze Firenze Italy
                [4 ] Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment, Bologna, Italy Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Agriculture and Environment Bologna Italy
                [5 ] Via dei Tarquini 22, Viterbo, Italy Via dei Tarquini 22 Viterbo Italy
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Enrico Ruzzier ( symphyla@ 123456gmail.com ).

                Academic editor: Matthew Yoder

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1020-1247
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0707-7495
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9888-6756
                Article
                Publisher ID: 57783 Publisher-manuscript ID: 14681
                DOI: 10.3897/BDJ.8.e57783
                PMC ID: 7714772
                SO-VID: 01e211d7-c0d1-400f-bdca-a37a694e30c0
                Copyright © Enrico Ruzzier, Mattia Menchetti, Laura Bortolotti, Marco Selis, Elisa Monterastelli, Leonardo Forbicioni
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 19 August 2020
                Date accepted : 23 November 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 0, References: 81
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Keywords: biodiversity loss,early detection,invasive species,island,native plants,pollinators
                Data availability:
                Keywords: biodiversity loss, early detection, invasive species, island, native plants, pollinators

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