Effect of venlafaxine on bone loss associated with ligature-induced periodontitis in Wistar rats

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Abstract

Background

The present study investigated the effects of venlafaxine, an antidepressant drug with immunoregulatory properties on the inflammatory response and bone loss associated with experimental periodontal disease (EPD).

Materials and Methods

Wistar rats were subjected to a ligature placement around the second upper left molar. The treated groups received orally venlafaxine (10 or 50 mg/kg) one hour before the experimental periodontal disease induction and daily for 10 days. Vehicle-treated experimental periodontal disease and a sham-operated (SO) controls were included. Bone loss was analyzed morphometrically and histopathological analysis was based on cell influx, alveolar bone, and cementum integrity. Lipid peroxidation quantification and immunohistochemistry to TNF-α and iNOS were performed.

Results

Experimental periodontal disease rats showed an intense bone loss compared to SO ones (SO = 1.61 ± 1.36; EPD = 4.47 ± 1.98 mm, p < 0.001) and evidenced increased cellular infiltration and immunoreactivity for TNF-α and iNOS. Venlafaxine treatment while at low dose (10 mg/kg) afforded no significant protection against bone loss (3.25 ± 1.26 mm), a high dose (50 mg/kg) caused significantly enhanced bone loss (6.81 ± 3.31 mm, p < 0.05). Venlafaxine effectively decreased the lipid peroxidation but showed no significant change in TNF-α or iNOS immunoreactivity.

Conclusion

The increased bone loss associated with high dose venlafaxine may possibly be a result of synaptic inhibition of serotonin uptake.

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Most cited references 37

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Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation.

H. Draper, M Hadley (1990)

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The management of inflammation in periodontal disease.

Erik van Rossum (2008)

It has become clear in recent years that periodontitis is an inflammatory disease initiated by oral microbial biofilm. This distinction implies that it is the host response to the biofilm that destroys the periodontium in the pathogenesis of the disease. As our understanding of pathways of inflammation has matured, a better understanding of the molecular basis of resolution of inflammation has emerged. Resolution of inflammation is an active, agonist-mediated, well-orchestrated return of tissue homeostasis. There is an important distinction between anti-inflammation and resolution; anti-inflammation is pharmacologic intervention in inflammatory pathways, whereas resolution is biologic pathways restoring homeostasis. A growing body of research suggests that chronic inflammatory periodontal disease involves a failure of resolution pathways to restore homeostasis. This article reviews the resolution of inflammation in the context of periodontal disease and the potential for the modification of resolution pathways for the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. Proof-of-concept studies in the 1980s demonstrated that pharmacologic anti-inflammation prevented and slowed the progression of periodontal diseases in animals and man. However, the side-effect profile of such therapies precluded the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or other enzyme inhibitors or receptor antagonists in periodontal therapy. The isolation and characterization of resolving agonist molecules has opened a new area of research using endogenous lipid mediators of resolution as potential therapeutic agents for the management of inflammatory periodontitis. Work in animal models of periodontitis has revealed the potential of this therapeutic approach for its prevention and treatment and forced the reconsideration of our understanding of the pathogenesis of human periodontal diseases.

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A systematic review of stress and psychological factors as possible risk factors for periodontal disease.

Enilson Sallum, G Ambrosano, Bruno BENATTI … (2007)

Clinical observations and epidemiologic studies suggest that some negative life events and psychological factors may contribute to an increased susceptibility to periodontal disease. The aim of the present study was to systematically review the evidence from case-control studies, cross-sectional studies, and prospective clinical trials reporting on the influence of stress and psychological factors on periodontal disease. The focused question addressed in this systematic review was whether the scientific evidence is enough to consider stress and psychological factors as risk factors for periodontal disease. A literature search was conducted using two databases (MEDLINE and the Cochrane Oral Health Group specialist trials register) in addition to searching reference lists of original and review articles. The search strategy used was the combination of the terms: "stress," "periodontal disease," and "psychosocial disorders." Studies were selected if they were published in dental journals between January 1, 1990 and April 1, 2006; only human studies and studies with adults and middle-aged subjects were included. Suitable variables included control for the potential effect of confounding factors, adequate criteria to define periodontal disease, adequate criteria for establishing stress, and methodologic quality. Only English-language articles were considered, and unpublished data were not sought. Two reviewers independently extracted information regarding quality and study characteristics in duplicate. The studies were assessed regarding their methodologic characteristics, statistical analysis, characteristics of the periodontal outcome measures, and psychological measurements. Of the 58 articles identified in the search, 10 were excluded because they were reviews and 34 did not comply with the selection criteria. Fourteen articles (seven case-control studies, six cross-sectional studies, and one prospective clinical trial) were included in the analysis; their quality and main study characteristics were assessed according to the criteria preestablished in the protocol of the study. With regard to the results of the studies, 57.1% found a positive outcome between psychosocial factors/stress and periodontal disease, 28.5% observed a positive outcome for some characteristics and a negative outcome for others, and 14.2% found a negative outcome. Within the limitations of this systematic review, the majority of studies showed a positive relationship between stress/psychological factors and periodontal disease. However, in the future, well-designed and more representative studies should be considered to confirm these factors as a risk for periodontal disease.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Negat Results Biomed

Title: Journal of Negative Results in Biomedicine

Publisher: BioMed Central

ISSN (Electronic): 1477-5751

Publication date Collection: 2010

Publication date (Electronic): 14 June 2010

Volume: 9

Page: 3

Affiliations

[1 ]Laboratory of Neurosciences and Behavior, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Coronel Nunes de Melo, 1127, CEP 60430-270, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil

[2 ]Department of Clinical Odontology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Odontology and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Monsenhor Furtado, s/n, CEP 60441-750, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil

[3 ]Department of Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Delmiro de Farias, s/n, CEP 60416-030, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil

Article

Publisher ID: 1477-5751-9-3

DOI: 10.1186/1477-5751-9-3

PMC ID: 2895576

PubMed ID: 20546603

SO-VID: 01f0781e-ba45-47ff-9e38-e2bedbc54844

License:

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Effect of venlafaxine on bone loss associated with ligature-induced periodontitis in Wistar rats

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Abstract

Background

Materials and Methods

Results

Conclusion

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Hearing Loss and Restoration

Most cited references 37

Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation.

The management of inflammation in periodontal disease.

A systematic review of stress and psychological factors as possible risk factors for periodontal disease.

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