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      A new cave species of Rhamdia (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae) from Serra do Ramalho, northeastern Brazil, with notes on ecology and behavior

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          Abstract

          Rhamdia enfurnada, a new troglobitic (exclusively subterranean) catfish, is described from the Gruna do Enfurnado, Serra do Ramalho, southwestern Bahia State, middle São Francisco River basin. It differs from epigean congeners from the São Francisco River basin by the variable eye size, ranging from reduced to externally invisible (bilateral asymmetry in development of eyes is frequently observed), with a conspicuous orbital concavity (orbital diameter varying from 6.4 to 13.6% of head length in R. enfurnada and from 14.5 to 24.4% in the epigean species); by the dark pigmentation reduced due to a decrease in density of melanophores, and also variable. In comparison to other cave species, R. enfurnada presents a low degree of troglomorphism regarding development of eyes and pigmentation, indicating a relatively short time evolving in isolation in the subterranean environment: R. reddelli is described as lacking eyes and with almost no pigmentation; likewise, R. macuspanensis and R. laluchensis as having rudimentary eyes, covered with skin and not visible externally, and with reduced body pigmentation; R. zongolicensis is also almost devoid of dark pigmentation, but eyes are less reduced than in R. reddelli. R. quelen urichi, also does not present any trace of eyes externally, but the body coloration is described as pale yellowish brown. Rhamdia guasarensis has a concave dorsal profile of head and a complete absence of pigmentation and eyes. The population density (preliminarily estimated in 0.1-0.2 individuals m-2 in average, and reaching 10 individuals m-2, in the dry season and size (several thousands of individuals) of R. enfurnada may be considered high for cave fish standards. Rhamdia enfurnada exhibited an increased midwater activity when compared to their typically bottom-dwelling epigean relatives; are mostly indifferent to light and moderately aggressive.

          Translated abstract

          Rhamdia enfurnada, uma nova espécie de bagre troglóbio (exclusivamente subterrâneo), encontrada na Gruna do Enfurnado, Serra do Ramalho, sudoeste Baiano, Bacia do Médio Rio São Francisco, é aqui descrita. Esses bagres diferem dos congêneres com ocorrência em rios epígeos da bacia do São Francisco pela alta variabilidade no grau de desenvolvimento dos olhos, de apenas ligeiramente reduzidos até externamente invisíveis, com freqüente assimetria bilateral (diâmetro da órbita: comprimento da cabeça variando de 6,4 a 13,6% em R. enfurnada e de 14,5 a 24,4% nos espécimes epígeos examinados); pela pigmentação melânica reduzida devido à diminuição na densidade de melanóforos, também com variação populacional. Comparando-se com outras espécies cavernícolas, R. enfurnada apresenta um baixo grau de troglomorfismo, em relação aos olhos e pigmentação, indicando um tempo de isolamento no ambiente subterrâneo relativamento pequeno: R. reddelli não possui olhos e pouca pigmentação no corpo; da mesma maneira, R. macuspanensis e R. laluchensis apresentam olhos rudimentares, cobertos por pele e não visíveis externamente, além de pigmentação reduzida no corpo; R. zongolicensis quase não apresenta pigmentação no corpo. Rhamdia quelen urichi, também não possui traços de olhos visíveis externamente, mas a coloração do corpo é pálida, marrom-amarelada. Rhamdia guasarensis apresenta uma cabeça com perfil côncavo e olhos e pigmentação completamente ausentes. As densidades populacionais (preliminarmente estimada entre 0.1-0.2 indivíduos m-2, e atingindo até 10 indivíduos m-2, na estação seca) e tamanhos populacionais (milhares de indivíduos) de R. enfurnada podem ser considerados altos para padrões de organismos cavernícolas. Rhamdia enfurnada apresenta um aumento de natação na coluna d'água comparandose com os parentes epígeos, os quais apresentam tipicamente natação no fundo; apresentam indiferença à luz e são moderadamente agressivos.

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          Evolutionary history of the genus Rhamdia (Teleostei: Pimelodidae) in Central America.

          We constructed phylogenetic hypotheses for Mesoamerican Rhamdia, the only genus of primary freshwater fish represented by sympatric species across Central America. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred from analysis of 1990 base pairs (bp) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), represented by the complete nucleotide sequences of the cytochrome b (cyt b) and the ATP synthase 8 and 6 (ATPase 8/6) genes. We sequenced 120 individuals from 53 drainages to provide a comprehensive geographic picture of Central American Rhamdia systematics and phylogeography. Phylogeographic analysis distinguished multiple Rhamdia mtDNA lineages, and the geographic congruence across evolutionarily independent Rhamdia clades indicated that vicariance has played a strong role in the Mesoamerican diversification of this genus. Phylogenetic analyses of species-level relationships provide strong support for the monophyly of a trans-Andean clade of three evolutionarily equivalent Rhamdia taxa: R. guatemalensis, R. laticauda, and R. cinerascens. Application of fish-based mitochondrial DNA clocks ticking at 1.3-1.5% sequence divergence per million years (Ma), suggests that the split between cis- and trans-Andean Rhamdia extends back about 8 Ma, and the three distinct trans-Andean Rhamdia clades split about 6 Ma ago. Thus the mtDNA divergence observed between cis- and trans-Andean Rhamdia species is too low to support an ancient colonization of Central America in the Late Cretaceous or Paleocene as had been hypothesized in one colonization model for Mesoamerican fishes. Rather the mtDNA data indicate that Rhamdia most likely colonized Central America in the late Miocene or Pliocene, promoting a strong role for the Isthmus of Panamá in the Mesoamerican expansion of this genus. Basal polytomies suggest that both the R. laticauda and R. guatemalensis clades spread rapidly across the Central American landscape, but differences in the average mtDNA genetic distances among clades comprising the two species, indicate that the R. laticauda spread and diversified across Mesoamerica about 1 million years before R. guatemalensis.
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            Saltatory Processes and Altricial to Precocial Forms in the Ontogeny of Fishes

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              Evolution and Genetics of Epigean and Cave Astyanax fasciatus (Characidae, Pisces)

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ni
                Neotropical Ichthyology
                Neotrop. ichthyol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia (Maringá, PR, Brazil )
                1679-6225
                1982-0224
                December 2005
                : 3
                : 4
                : 587-595
                Affiliations
                [01] São Paulo SP orgnameUSP orgdiv1Instituto de Biociências orgdiv2Departamento de Zoologia Brazil bichuetteuol.com.br; etrajano@ 123456usp.br
                Article
                S1679-62252005000400016 S1679-6225(05)00300416
                10.1590/S1679-62252005000400016
                0205bd8b-400f-4b27-ad57-d0f3587a9216

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : August 2005
                : November 2005
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)

                Taxonomy,São Francisco River basin,Bahia,Rhamdia enfurnada,Subterranean catfishes

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