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      Persönlichkeitsstörungen – unterdiagostiziert bei Patienten des Maßregelvollzugs gemäß § 64 StGB? 1

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          Abstract

          Zusammenfassung. Ziel: Prüfung der Validität von Persönlichkeitsstörungsdiagnosen (PS-Diagnosen) bei Patienten der forensischen Entziehungsanstalten. Methodik: Drei Datenquellen werden herangezogen. (1) Die Entwicklung der Vergabe von Diagnosen und weitere Behandlungsparameter über einen Zeitraum von 20 Jahren werden anhand der jährlichen § 64-Stichtagserhebung beschrieben. (2) Diagnostische Einschätzungen durch Behandler und externe Untersucherinnen werden für eine Stichprobe von 109 alkoholabhängigen Patienten gegenübergestellt. (3) Auf der Basis von Daten einer laufenden Evaluationsstudie ( n = 315) wird die Aussagekraft der Klinikdiagnosen mit einer dimensionalen Einschätzung der Patienten verglichen. Ergebnisse: (1) Ein enormer Rückgang der PS-Diagnosen in der Praxis korrespondiert nicht mit anderen Parametern wie dem Anteil negativer Behandlungsverläufe. (2) Die Übereinstimmung von Behandlern und externen Untersucherinnen hinsichtlich PS-Diagnosen ist kaum besser als nach Zufall zu erwarten. (3) Die PS-Diagnosen der Behandler haben praktisch kein prognostisches Gewicht. Dagegen leistet die kurze dimensionale Einschätzung einen signifikanten Beitrag zur Vorhersage des Outcomes (insbesondere: Entlassung in die Freiheit nach günstigem Verlauf vs. „Erledigung“ der Unterbringung mangels Erfolgsaussicht). Schlussfolgerung: Die Aussagekraft der in der Praxis gestellten kategorialen PS-Diagnosen ist gering. Der Rückgang von PS-Diagnosen scheint vor allem Folge einer Stabilisierung des Vollzugs selbst zu sein. Wohlverhalten und Stabilität im Stationsalltag sollten jedoch nicht den primären Maßstab für diagnostische Einschätzungen bilden.

          Personality Disorders – Underdiagnosed in Patients in Forensic Addiction Treatment?

          Abstract. Objective: To examine the astonishing decline of personality disorder (PD) diagnoses among patients in forensic addiction treatment in Germany (Art. 64 of the penal code). Methods: We considered three sources of data: (1) an annual federal survey presenting data on more than 60 % of all patients, (2) a project involving 109 patients with alcohol diagnoses, as assessed by therapists and external researchers, (3) an ongoing prospective evaluation study to determine whether categorical diagnoses by therapists and a short dimensional assessment (Personality Assessment Schedule – Cluster B Version) can be related to the treatment outcome (in particular: release after positive course of treatment vs. termination of treatment and return to prison). Results: (1) The rate of patients with PD diagnosis declined over 20 years from 70 % to less than 25 %, which hardly complies with other parameters (like rate of negative treatment outcome). (2) PD diagnosis by therapists and researchers concur hardly better than expected by chance. (3) Categorical diagnoses by staff do not predict treatment outcome; the short dimensional assessment does. Conclusions: The validity of therapists’ PD diagnoses must be doubted. The forensic treatment centers have been stabilized a lot over the past decades; problematic occurrences (e. g., escape or drug use) are much less frequent. Patients appear more stabile under these conditions, though compliance and adjustment under treatment should not be seen as a major criterion of diagnostic attributions. These must consider persons’ problems of behavior control and social adjustment during the life course.

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          Most cited references26

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          Prevalence, correlates, and disability of personality disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions.

          To present nationally representative data on the prevalence, sociodemographic correlates, and disability of 7 of the 10 DSM-IV personality disorders. The data were derived from the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (N = 43,093). Diagnoses were made using the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV Version, and associations between personality disorders and sociodemographic correlates were determined. The relationship between personality disorders and 3 emotional disability scores (Short-Form 12, version 2) was also examined. Overall, 14.79% of adult Americans (95% CI = 14.08 to 15.50), or 30.8 million, had at least 1 personality disorder. The most prevalent personality disorder in the general population was obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, 7.88% (95% CI = 7.43 to 8.33), followed by paranoid personality disorder 4.41% (95% CI = 4.12 to 4.70), antisocial personality disorder 3.63% (95% CI = 3.34 to 3.92), schizoid personality disorder 3.13% (95% CI = 2.89 to 3.37), avoidant personality disorder 2.36% (95% CI = 2.14 to 2.58), histrionic personality disorder 1.84% (95% CI = 1.66 to 2.02), and dependent personality disorder 0.49% (95% CI = 0.40 to 0.58). The risk of avoidant, dependent, and paranoid personality disorders was significantly greater among women than men (p <.05); the risk of antisocial personality disorder was greater among men compared with women (p <.05); and no sex differences were observed in the risk of obsessive-compulsive, schizoid, or histrionic personality disorders. In general, risk factors for personality disorders included being Native American or black, being a young adult, having low socioeconomic status, and being divorced, separated, widowed, or never married. Avoidant, dependent, schizoid, paranoid, and antisocial personality disorders (p <.02 to p <.0001) were each statistically significant predictors of disability. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder was inconsistently related to disability. In contrast, disability was not significantly different among individuals with histrionic personality disorder compared with those without the disorder. Personality disorders are prevalent in the general population and are generally highly associated with disability. This study highlights the need to develop more effective and targeted prevention and intervention initiatives for personality disorders.
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            Critical developments in the assessment of personality disorder.

            The assessment of personality disorder is currently inaccurate, largely unreliable, frequently wrong and in need of improvement. To describe the errors inherent in the current systems and to indicate recent ways of improving personality assessment. Historical review, description of recent developments, including temporal stability, and of studies using document-derived assessment. Studies of interrater agreement and accuracy of diagnosis in complex patients with independently established personality status using document-derived assessment (PAS-DOC) with a four personality cluster classification, showed very good agreement between raters for the flamboyant cluster B group of personalities, generally good agreement for the anxious/dependent cluster C group and inhibited (obsessional) cluster D group, but only fair agreement for the withdrawn cluster A group. Overall diagnostic accuracy was 71%. Personality function or diathesis, a fluctuating state, is a better description than personality disorder. The best form of assessment is one that uses longitudinal repeated measures using a four-dimensional system.
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              Reliability of a schedule for rating personality disorders.

              The inter-situational, inter-rater and temporal reliability of a schedule for rating personality disorders is described. In an initial study with a simplified form of the schedule in patients from different wards of a psychiatric hospital inter-situational reliability between raters was higher for patients with personality disorders than with no personality disorder. Using the full schedule, inter-rater reliability, using audiotaped and separate interviews, and temporal reliability at interviews conducted a mean of 12.5 months apart all reached a satisfactory level, suggesting that the schedule may be a useful instrument for measuring deviant personality traits. The interview may be used with a subject or an informant but agreement between ratings made with informants and psychiatric patients during illness was low, and the schedule is not recommended for use with patients alone during acute episodes of illness.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                suc
                SUCHT
                Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Praxis
                Hogrefe AG, Bern
                0939-5911
                1664-2856
                2016
                : 62
                : 5
                : 305-313
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Institut für forensische Psychiatrie am LVR-Klinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen
                [ 2 ]Akademie für Verhaltenstherapie Köln
                [ 3 ]VA Bielefeld-Senne
                [ 4 ]ÄD i.R., Fachklinik Bad Rehburg, MRVZ Niedersachsen
                Author notes
                Dr. rer. nat., Dipl.-Psych Norbert Schalast, Institut für Forensische Psychiatrie, Virchowstr. 174, 45147 Essen, Deutschland, E-Mail norbert.schalast@ 123456uni-duisburg-essen.de
                Article
                suc_62_5_305
                10.1024/0939-5911/a000448
                0230fb53-dfdf-4744-b72b-4d2ef0452b73
                Copyright @ 2016
                History
                Categories
                Originalarbeit

                Medicine,Psychology,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Persönlichkeitsstörungen,personality disorders,fehlende Validität,forensic inpatient substance abuse treatment,categorical diagnoses,lack of concurrent and predictive validity,Entziehungsanstalt,kategoriale vs. dimensionale Diagnostik

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