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      Callous‐unemotional traits and impulsivity: distinct longitudinal relations with mind‐mindedness and understanding of others

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          Abstract

          Background

          Problems in understanding other people's mental states may relate to distinct personality traits that are associated with early externalizing behavior. A distinction between theory of mind (ToM) and empathy has proven important in shedding light on the problems in understanding other minds encountered by children high on callous‐unemotional ( CU) traits and exhibiting impulsivity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether children's early ToM and emotion understanding abilities predicted CU traits and impulsivity at age 10. A further aim was to explore whether the quality of the parent–child relationship very early in the development indirectly or directly predicted the children's CU traits and impulsivity.

          Method

          We examined whether ToM and empathy skills might differentially relate to personality traits associated with externalizing behaviors (i.e., impulsivity and CU traits). We examined these relations over time in a longitudinal cohort of 96 boys and girls using follow‐back analyses, incorporating measures of maternal mind‐mindedness (appropriate mind‐related talk) to examine the possible role of parent–child interaction quality.

          Results

          Appropriate mind‐related talk indirectly predicted CU traits (at age 10 years) via its effect on children's emotion understanding. ToM predicted impulsive/irresponsible traits, but ceased to be significant when controlling for externalizing behaviors.

          Conclusion

          The present findings demonstrate that parents who remark appropriately on their infant's mental states may help the child to understand emotions and may mold an empathic understanding of others, thereby preventing CU traits.

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          Most cited references16

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          Missing data: our view of the state of the art.

          Statistical procedures for missing data have vastly improved, yet misconception and unsound practice still abound. The authors frame the missing-data problem, review methods, offer advice, and raise issues that remain unresolved. They clear up common misunderstandings regarding the missing at random (MAR) concept. They summarize the evidence against older procedures and, with few exceptions, discourage their use. They present, in both technical and practical language, 2 general approaches that come highly recommended: maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian multiple imputation (MI). Newer developments are discussed, including some for dealing with missing data that are not MAR. Although not yet in the mainstream, these procedures may eventually extend the ML and MI methods that currently represent the state of the art.
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            Neuronal correlates of theory of mind and empathy: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in a nonverbal task.

            Theory of Mind (ToM), the ability to attribute mental states to others, and empathy, the ability to infer emotional experiences, are important processes in social cognition. Brain imaging studies in healthy subjects have described a brain system involving medial prefrontal cortex, superior temporal sulcus and temporal pole in ToM processing. Studies investigating networks associated with empathic responding also suggest involvement of temporal and frontal lobe regions. In this fMRI study, we used a cartoon task derived from Sarfati et al. (1997) [Sarfati, Y., Hardy-Bayle, M.C., Besche, C., Widlocher, D. 1997. Attribution of intentions to others in people with schizophrenia: a non-verbal exploration with comic strips. Schizophrenia Research 25, 199-209.]with both ToM and empathy stimuli in order to allow comparison of brain activations in these two processes. Results of 13 right-handed, healthy, male volunteers were included. Functional images were acquired using a 1.5 T Phillips Gyroscan. Our results confirmed that ToM and empathy stimuli are associated with overlapping but distinct neuronal networks. Common areas of activation included the medial prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal junction and temporal poles. Compared to the empathy condition, ToM stimuli revealed increased activations in lateral orbitofrontal cortex, middle frontal gyrus, cuneus and superior temporal gyrus. Empathy, on the other hand, was associated with enhanced activations of paracingulate, anterior and posterior cingulate and amygdala. We therefore suggest that ToM and empathy both rely on networks associated with making inferences about mental states of others. However, empathic responding requires the additional recruitment of networks involved in emotional processing. These results have implications for our understanding of disorders characterized by impairments of social cognition, such as autism and psychopathy.
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              A longitudinal study of the relation between language and theory-of-mind development.

              Fifty-nine 3-year-olds were tested 3 times over a period of 7 months in order to assess the contribution of theory of mind to language development and of language to theory-of-mind development (including the independent contributions of syntax and semantics). Language competence was assessed with a standardized measure of reception and production of syntax and semantics (the Test of Early Language Development). Theory of mind was assessed with false-belief tasks and appearance-reality tasks. Earlier language abilities predicted later theory-of-mind test performance (controlling for earlier theory of mind), but earlier theory of mind did not predict later language test performance (controlling for earlier language). These findings are consistent with the argument that language is fundamental to theory-of-mind development.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Child Psychol Psychiatry
                J Child Psychol Psychiatry
                10.1111/(ISSN)1469-7610
                JCPP
                Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                0021-9630
                1469-7610
                14 July 2015
                January 2016
                : 57
                : 1 ( doiID: 10.1111/jcpp.2016.57.issue-1 )
                : 84-92
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of PsychologyUniversity of Durham DurhamUK
                [ 2 ] Department of PsychologyUniversity of York YorkUK
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Luna C.M. Centifanti, Department of Psychology, University of Durham, Durham DH13LE, UK; Email: luna.munoz@ 123456durham.ac.uk

                Article
                JCPP12445
                10.1111/jcpp.12445
                4975596
                26172522
                023e1eb2-ac0d-4eb8-a9dd-d81bd34480a7
                © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health.

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 08 June 2015
                Page count
                Pages: 9
                Funding
                Funded by: Economic and Social Research Council
                Award ID: R000239456 and RES‐000‐23‐1073
                Funded by: Durham University Seedcorn funding
                Funded by: Wolfson Research Institute Small grant fund
                Funded by: Marc de Rosnay
                Award ID: RES‐000‐23‐1073
                Categories
                Original Article
                Original Articles
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                jcpp12445
                January 2016
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:4.9.4 mode:remove_FC converted:05.08.2016

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                emotion understanding,callous‐unemotional traits,theory of mind,mind‐mindedness,longitudinal

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