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      Stemming the tide: progress towards resolving the causes of decline and implementing management responses for the disappearing mammal fauna of northern Australia Translated title: Frenando la ola: el progreso hacia la resolución de las causas de la decadencia y la aplicación de respuestas de manejo ante la desaparición de mamíferos del norte de Australia

      research-article
      1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 4 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 1 , 3 , 11 , 6 , 12 , 7 , 13 , 7 , 7 , 13 , 4 , 14 , 13 , 7 , 15 , 3 , 15 , 7 , 13 , 3 , 15 , 16
      Therya
      Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste
      cane toads, conservation, disease, feral cats, fire, pastoralism, savanna, threats, sapos de caña, conservación, enfermedad, gatos salvajes, fuego, pastoreo, sabana, amenazas

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          Abstract

          <sec><title>INTRODUCTION:</title><p> Recent studies at sites in northern Australia have reported severe and rapid decline of several native mammal species, notwithstanding an environmental context (small human population size, limited habitat loss, substantial reservation extent) that should provide relative conservation security. All of the more speciose taxonomic groups of mammals in northern Australia have some species for which their conservation status has been assessed as threatened, with 53 % of dasyurid, 47 % of macropod and potoroid, 33 % of bandicoot and bilby, 33 % of possum, 30 % of rodent, and 24 % of bat species being assessed as extinct, threatened or near threatened. However, the geographical extent and timing of declines, and their causes, remain poorly resolved, limiting the application of remedial management actions.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIAL AND METHODS:</title><p> Focusing on the tropical savannas of northern Australia, this paper reviews disparate recent and ongoing studies that provide information on population trends across a broader geographic scope than the previously reported sites, and examines the conservation status and trends for mammal groups (bats, macropods) not well sampled in previous monitoring studies. It describes some diverse approaches of studies seeking to document conservation status and trends, and of the factors that may be contributing to observed patterns of decline.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:</title><p><italic>Current trends and potential causal factors for declines</italic>. The studies reported demonstrate that the extent and timing of impacts and threats have been variable across the region, although there is a general gradational pattern of earlier and more severe decline from inland lower rainfall areas to higher rainfall coastal regions. Some small isolated areas appear to have retained their mammal species, as have many islands which remain critical refuges. There is now some compelling evidence that predation by feral cats is implicated in the observed decline, with those impacts likely to be exacerbated by prevailing fire regimes (frequent, extensive and intense fire), by reduction in ground vegetation cover due to livestock and, in some areas, by 'control' of dingoes. However the impacts of dingoes may be complex, and are not yet well resolved in this area. The relative impacts of these individual factors vary spatially (with most severe impacts in higher rainfall and more rugged areas) and between different mammal species, with some species responding idiosyncratically: the most notable example is the rapid decline of the northern quoll (<italic>Dasyurus hallucatus</italic>) due to poisoning by the introduced cane toad (<italic>Rhinella marina</italic>), which continues to spread extensively across northern Australia. The impact of disease, if any, remains unresolved.</p></sec><sec><title>CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT RESPONSES:</title><p> Recovery of the native mammal fauna may be impossible in some areas. However, there are now examples of rapid recovery following threat management. Priority conservation actions include: enhanced biosecurity for important islands, establishment of a network of feral predator exclosures, intensive fire management (aimed at increasing the extent of longer-unburnt habitat and in delivering fine scale patch burning), reduction in feral stock in conservation reserves, and acquisition for conservation purposes of some pastoral lands in areas that are significant for mammal conservation.</p></sec>

          Translated abstract

          <sec><title>INTRODUCCIÓN:</title><p> En estudios recientes en sitios al norte de Australia se ha informado una rápida y severa disminución de algunas especies de mamíferos nativos, a pesar de un contexto ambiental favorable (de baja población humana, pérdida de hábitat limitado, de un grado sustancial reservas) que debe proporcionar una seguridad relativa de conservación. Todos los grupos taxonómicos con mayor riqueza de especies de mamíferos en el norte de Australia tienen algunas especies cuyo estado de conservaciÓn se ha evaluado como amenazadas, con un 53 % de dasyuridae, el 47 % de macropodae y potoroidae, el 33% de bandicoot y bilby, el 33 % zarigÍ1/4eyas, el 30 % de los roedores, y el 24 % de las especies de murciélagos están evaluados como extintas, amenazadas o casi amenazadas. Sin embargo, el alcance geográfico y cronológico de las disminuciones, y sus causas, siguen estando mal resueltos, lo que limita la aplicación de medidas de gestión de recuperación.</p></sec><sec><title>MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS:</title><p> Centrándose en las sabanas tropicales del norte de Australia, en este trabajo se revisan los estudios recientes y se proporciona información sobre las tendencias de población a través de un Ámbito geográfico más amplio y se proporciona información sobre el estado de conservación y las tendencias de mamífero grupos (murciélagos, macropodos) no así la muestra en los estudios de seguimiento anteriores. Se describen algunos enfoques diversos de los estudios que documentan sobre el estado de conservación, las tendencias, y de los factores que pueden estar contribuyendo a los patrones observados de declive.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN:</title><p> Las tendencias actuales y los posibles factores causales de caídas. Los estudios publicados demuestran que la magnitud y oportunidad de los impactos y amenazas han sido variables en toda la región, a pesar de que existe un patrón gradual general de descenso que antes, y más grave de zonas de precipitaciones inferiores a las regiones costeras de mayor precipitación. Algunas pequeñas zonas aisladas parecen haber conservado sus especies de mamíferos, al igual que muchas islas en las que permanecen refugios críticos. En la actualidad existe cierta evidencia convincente de que la depredación por gatos salvajes está implicada en la disminución observada, con estos impactos podrían verse agravados por los regímenes de fuego (fuego frecuente, extensa e intensa), que prevalece por la reducción de la cobertura vegetal del suelo debido a la ganadería y, en algunas Áreas, por "control" de los dingos. Sin embargo, los impactos de los dingos pueden ser complejos, y sin embargo, no están bien resueltas en esta Área. Los impactos relativos de estos factores individuales varían espacialmente (con la mayoría de los impactos severos en Áreas de mayor precipitación y Áreas escarpadas) y entre las diferentes especies de mamíferos, no obstante con algunas especies de responder idiosincrásicamente: el ejemplo más notable es la rápida disminución del quoll del norte (<italic>Dasyurus hallucatus</italic>) debido a la intoxicación por el sapo de caña introducido (<italic>Rhinella marina</italic>), que continúa propagándose ampliamente en todo el norte de Australia. El impacto de la enfermedad, en su caso, sigue sin resolverse.</p></sec><sec><title>RESPUESTAS DE LA ADMINISTRACIÓN DE CONSERVACIÓN.</title><p> La recuperación de la fauna de mamíferos nativos puede ser imposible en algunas Áreas. Sin embargo, ahora hay ejemplos de una rápida recuperación siguiente a la gestión de amenazas. Acciones prioritarias de conservación incluyen: una mayor bioseguridad para las islas importantes, establecimiento de una red de exclusiones de depredadores salvajes, manejo de incendios intensivos (dirigido a aumentar la extensión del hábitat más extenso sin quemar y en el suministro de una escala fina del parche de quema), reducción de acciones salvajes en las reservas de conservación y adquisición con de algunas tierras de pastoreo en Áreas que son importantes para la conservación de los mamíferos.</p></sec>

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          Most cited references331

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          Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity conservation.

          There is growing recognition of the important roles played by predators in regulating ecosystems and sustaining biodiversity. Much attention has focused on the consequences of predator-regulation of herbivore populations, and associated trophic cascades. However apex predators may also control smaller 'mesopredators' through intraguild interactions. Removal of apex predators can result in changes to intraguild interactions and outbreaks of mesopredators ('mesopredator release'), leading in turn to increased predation on smaller prey. Here we provide a review and synthesis of studies of predator interactions, mesopredator release and their impacts on biodiversity. Mesopredator suppression by apex predators is widespread geographically and taxonomically. Apex predators suppress mesopredators both by killing them, or instilling fear, which motivates changes in behaviour and habitat use that limit mesopredator distribution and abundance. Changes in the abundance of apex predators may have disproportionate (up to fourfold) effects on mesopredator abundance. Outcomes of interactions between predators may however vary with resource availability, habitat complexity and the complexity of predator communities. There is potential for the restoration of apex predators to have benefits for biodiversity conservation through moderation of the impacts of mesopredators on their prey, but this requires a whole-ecosystem view to avoid unforeseen negative effects. 'Nothing has changed since I began. My eye has permitted no change. I am going to keep things like this.' From 'Hawk Roosting', by Ted Hughes.
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            Human population in the biodiversity hotspots.

            Biologists have identified 25 areas, called biodiversity hotspots, that are especially rich in endemic species and particularly threatened by human activities. The human population dynamics of these areas, however, are not well quantified. Here we report estimates of key demographic variables for each hotspot, and for three extensive tropical forest areas that are less immediately threatened. We estimate that in 1995 more than 1.1 billion people, nearly 20% of world population, were living within the hotspots, an area covering about 12% of Earth's terrestrial surface. We estimate that the population growth rate in the hotspots (1995-2000) is 1.8% yr(-1), substantially higher than the population growth rate of the world as a whole (1.3% yr(-1)) and above that of the developing countries (1.6% yr(-1)). These results suggest that substantial human-induced environmental changes are likely to continue in the hotspots and that demographic change remains an important factor in global biodiversity conservation. The results also underline the potential conservation significance of the continuing worldwide declines in human fertility and of policies and programs that influence human migration.
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              The ecological impact of invasive cane toads (Bufo marinus) in Australia.

              Although invasive species are viewed as major threats to ecosystems worldwide, few such species have been studied in enough detail to identify the pathways, magnitudes, and timescales of their impact on native fauna. One of the most intensively studied invasive taxa in this respect is the cane toad (Bufo marinus), which was introduced to Australia in 1935. A review of these studies suggests that a single pathway-lethal toxic ingestion of toads by frog-eating predators-is the major mechanism of impact, but that the magnitude of impact varies dramatically among predator taxa, as well as through space and time. Populations of large predators (e.g., varanid and scincid lizards, elapid snakes, freshwater crocodiles, and dasyurid marsupials) may be imperilled by toad invasion, but impacts vary spatially even within the same predator species. Some of the taxa severely impacted by toad invasion recover within a few decades, via aversion learning and longer-term adaptive changes. No native species have gone extinct as a result of toad invasion, and many native taxa widely imagined to be at risk are not affected, largely as a result of their physiological ability to tolerate toad toxins (e.g., as found in many birds and rodents), as well as the reluctance of many native anuran-eating predators to consume toads, either innately or as a learned response. Indirect effects of cane toads as mediated through trophic webs are likely as important as direct effects, but they are more difficult to study. Overall, some Australian native species (mostly large predators) have declined due to cane toads; others, especially species formerly consumed by those predators, have benefited. For yet others, effects have been minor or have been mediated indirectly rather than through direct interactions with the invasive toads. Factors that increase a predator's vulnerability to toad invasion include habitat overlap with toads, anurophagy, large body size, inability to develop rapid behavioral aversion to toads as prey items, and physiological vulnerability to bufotoxins as a result of a lack of coevolutionary history of exposure to other bufonid taxa.
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                Author and article information

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                Journal
                therya
                Therya
                Therya
                Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (La Paz )
                2007-3364
                April 2015
                : 6
                : 1
                : 169-225
                Affiliations
                [1 ] James Cook University Australia
                [2 ] James Cook University Australia
                [3 ] Charles Darwin University Australia
                [4 ] Charles Darwin University Australia
                [5 ] University of Technology Sydney Australia
                [6 ] CSIRO Land and Water AU
                [7 ] Australian Wildlife Conservancy AU
                [8 ] Deakin University Australia
                [9 ] South Australian Museum AU
                [10 ] Department of Parks and Wildlife AU
                [11 ] Biome5 AU
                [12 ] University of Melbourne Australia
                [13 ] University of Tasmania Australia
                [14 ] Australian Wildlife Conservancy AU
                [15 ] Department of Land Resource Management AU
                [16 ] Western Australian Wildlife Research Centre AU
                Article
                S2007-33642015000100169
                10.12933/therya-15-236
                0242355c-3c9b-4915-97b0-cda98a0f341d

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                Biodiversity Conservation
                Biology
                Veterinary Sciences
                Zoology

                General life sciences,General veterinary medicine,Animal science & Zoology
                fire,cane toads,sapos de caña,conservación,enfermedad,gatos salvajes,fuego,pastoreo,sabana,amenazas,conservation,disease,feral cats,pastoralism,savanna,threats

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