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      Bases fisiopatológicas del entrenamiento muscular en pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica Translated title: Pathophysiological bases of muscular training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

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          Abstract

          La disnea y la disminución de la capacidad de realizar ejercicio son los principales factores que limitan las actividades de la vida diaria en pacientes con enfermedades respiratorias crónicas. Los síntomas cardinales que limitan la capacidad de ejercicio en la mayoría de los pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) son la disnea y/o fatigabilidad, los cuales pueden ser ocasionados por trastornos de la ventilación alveolar e intercambio gaseoso, disfunción de los músculos esqueléticos y/o falla cardiovascular. La ansiedad, falta de motivación y depresión también han sido asociadas a una menor capacidad de realizar ejercicio, probablemente afectando la percepción de los síntomas. La relación entre el estado psicológico y los trastornos del ánimo en pacientes con EPOC y la tolerancia al ejercicio es compleja y aún no ha sido completamente dilucidada. El origen de la limitación de la capacidad de ejercicio en pacientes con EPOC es multifactorial, por lo cual la separación de las variables involucradas con fines académicos no siempre es factible realizarlo en los pacientes. Los mecanismos patogénicos pueden relacionarse en forma compleja, a modo de ejemplo, el desacondicionamiento físico y la hipoxemia pueden contribuir a aumentar la ventilación alveolar ocasionando limitación del ejercicio de causa ventilatoria. Por lo tanto, el entrenamiento físico y el suplemento de oxígeno pueden reducir la limitación ventilatoria durante el ejercicio sin modificar la función pulmonar o la capacidad ventilatoria máxima. El análisis de los factores limitantes de la capacidad de ejercicio permite identificar trastornos potencialmente reversibles que pueden mejorar la calidad de vida de los enfermos, tales como la hipoxemia, broncoespasmo, insuficiencia cardiaca, arritmias, disfunción musculoesquelética y/o isquemia miocárdica. En esta revisión se examinan los principales mecanismos que contribuyen a la limitación de la actividad física en pacientes con EPOC: anomalías de la ventilación alveolar e intercambio gaseoso, disfunción cardiovascular y del sistema músculo-esquelético y disfunción de los músculos respiratorios.

          Translated abstract

          Dyspnea and decreased exercise capacity are the main factors that limit the daily living activities in patients with chronic respiratory diseases. The cardinal symptoms limiting exercise capacity in most patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are dyspnea and fatigue, which could be caused by alveolar ventilation and gas exchange disturbances, skeletal muscle dysfunction and/or cardiovascular failure. Anxiety, lack of motivation and depression were also associated with reduced exercise capacity, probably affecting the perception of symptoms. The relationship between psychological status and mood disorders in patients with COPD and exercise tolerance is complex and not yet fully understood. The origin of the exercise capacity limitation in COPD patients is multifactorial, so the separation of the variables involved for academic purposes is not always feasible. The pathogenic mechanisms may interact in complex ways, as an example, muscle deconditioning and hypoxemia can increase alveolar ventilation causing exercise limitation. Therefore, physical training and supplemental oxygen can reduce ventilatory limitation during exercise without changing lung function and maximum ventilatory capacity. The analysis of these factors could potentially identify reversible conditions that can improve the exercise performance and quality of life ofpatients with COPD, such as hypoxemia, bronchospasm, heart failure, arrhythmias, musculoskeletal dysfunction and myocardial ischemia. This review examines the principal mechanisms contributing to physical activity limitation in patients with COPD: alveolar ventilation and gas exchange abnormalities, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal system dysfunction, and respiratory muscles dysfunction.

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          Most cited references229

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          American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement on pulmonary rehabilitation.

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            Regular physical activity reduces hospital admission and mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population based cohort study.

            Information about the influence of regular physical activity on the course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is scarce. A study was undertaken to examine the association between regular physical activity and both hospital admissions for COPD and all-cause and specific mortality in COPD subjects. From a population-based sample recruited in Copenhagen in 1981-3 and 1991-4, 2386 individuals with COPD (according to lung function tests) were identified and followed until 2000. Self-reported regular physical activity at baseline was classified into four categories (very low, low, moderate, and high). Dates and causes of hospital admissions and mortality were obtained from Danish registers. Adjusted associations between physical activity and hospital admissions for COPD and mortality were obtained using negative binomial and Cox regression models, respectively. After adjustment for relevant confounders, subjects reporting low, moderate or high physical activity had a lower risk of hospital admission for COPD during the follow up period than those who reported very low physical activity (incidence rate ratio 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53 to 0.97). Low, moderate and high levels of regular physical activity were associated with an adjusted lower risk of all-cause mortality (hazard ratio (HR) 0.76, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.90) and respiratory mortality (HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.48 to 1.02). No effect modification was found for sex, age group, COPD severity, or a background of ischaemic heart disease. Subjects with COPD who perform some level of regular physical activity have a lower risk of both COPD admissions and mortality. The recommendation that COPD patients be encouraged to maintain or increase their levels of regular physical activity should be considered in future COPD guidelines, since it is likely to result in a relevant public health benefit.
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              Peripheral muscle weakness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

              Peripheral muscle weakness is commonly found in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and may play a role in reducing exercise capacity. The purposes of this study were to evaluate, in patients with COPD: (1) the relationship between muscle strength and cross-sectional area (CSA), (2) the distribution of peripheral muscle weakness, and (3) the relationship between muscle strength and the severity of lung disease. Thirty-four patients with COPD and 16 normal subjects of similar age and body mass index were evaluated. Compared with normal subjects, the strength of three muscle groups (p < 0.05) and the right thigh muscle CSA, evaluated by computed tomography (83.4 +/- 16.4 versus 109.6 +/- 15.6 cm2, p < 0.0001), were reduced in COPD. The quadriceps strength/thigh muscle CSA ratio was similar for the two groups. The reduction in quadriceps strength was proportionally greater than that of the shoulder girdle muscles (p < 0.05). Similar observations were made whether or not patients had been exposed to systemic corticosteroids in the 6-mo period preceding the study, although there was a tendency for the quadriceps strength/thigh muscle CSA ratio to be lower in patients who had received corticosteroids. In COPD, quadriceps strength and muscle CSA correlated positively with the FEV1 expressed in percentage of predicted value (r = 0.55 and r = 0. 66, respectively, p < 0.0005). In summary, the strength/muscle cross-sectional area ratio was not different between the two groups, suggesting that weakness in COPD is due to muscle atrophy. In COPD, the distribution of peripheral muscle weakness and the correlation between quadriceps strength and the degree of airflow obstruction suggests that chronic inactivity and muscle deconditioning are important factors in the loss in muscle mass and strength.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rcher
                Revista chilena de enfermedades respiratorias
                Rev. chil. enferm. respir.
                Sociedad Chilena de Enfermedades Respiratorias (Santiago, , Chile )
                0717-7348
                June 2011
                : 27
                : 2
                : 80-93
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica de Chile orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Enfermedades Respiratorias Chile
                Article
                S0717-73482011000200002 S0717-7348(11)02700202
                10.4067/S0717-73482011000200002
                024b1ba9-fc3b-47a0-b860-ed0436d944aa

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                SciELO Chile


                exercise,nutrición,ejercicio,chronic lung disease,chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,enfermedad respiratoria crónica,guidelines,músculos inspiratorios,Pulmonary rehabilitation,noninvasive ventilation,nutrition,oxígeno suplementario,Rehabilitación respiratoria,guías clínicas,ventilación no invasiva,enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica,supplemental oxygen,calidad de vida relacionada a salud,inspiratory muscles,health-related quality of life,disnea,dyspnea

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