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      Quase estagnação no Brasil e o novo desenvolvimentismo Translated title: Brazil’s quasi-stagnation and the new developmentalism

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          Abstract

          RESUMO A partir da década de 1980, o Brasil ficou quase estagnado, enquanto o Leste da Ásia continuou a crescer. O que deu errado? Os desenvolvimentistas clássicos e os pós-keynesianos argumentam que a causa foi o abandono do projeto nacional-desenvolvimentista. O novo desenvolvimentismo concorda e propõe que dois fatos históricos reduziram os investimentos: nos anos 1980, a crise fiscal do estado definida por poupança pública negativa e a queda do investimento público. O investimento privado também caiu - por uma ação e uma omissão. A ação foi a adoção equivocada da política de crescimento com endividamento externo (“poupança externa”) e o resultante aumento dos influxos de capital. A omissão foi a suspensão da neutralização da doença holandesa. Ambos resultaram em sobrevalorização da taxa de câmbio no longo prazo e interromperam a industrialização.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT From the 1980s, Brazil quasi-stagnated while East-Asia continued to grow. What went wrong? Classical developmentalists and post-Keynesians argue the cause was the desertion of the national developmental project based on structural change or industrialization. New-developmental economics agrees but is more specific: two historical new facts reduced investments. In the 1980s, a fiscal crisis of the state defined by negative public savings, broke up. This crisis, which was not resolved, led to the fall of public investments. As to private investments, they also have fallen as a percentage of GDP (when we compare with the 1970). They have fallen due to an action and an omission. The action was the mistaken adoption of growth with foreign indebtedness policy and the consequent excess of capital inflows. The omission was the suspension of the neutralization of the Dutch disease. Both resulted in a long-term overvaluation of the exchange rate and stopped industrialization.

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          The Dutch disease and its neutralization: a Ricardian approach

          The Dutch disease is a major market failure originated in the existence of cheap and abundant natural or human resources that keep overvalued the currency of a country for an undetermined period of time, thus turning non profitable the production of tradable goods using technology in the state-of-the-art. It is an obstacle to growth on the demand side, because it limits investment opportunities. The severity of the Dutch disease varies according to the extent of the Ricardian rents involved, i.e., according to the difference between two exchange rate equilibriums: the ‘current’ or market rate and the ‘industrial’ rate - the one that make viable efficient tradable industries. Its main symptoms, besides overvalued currency, are low rates of growth of the manufacturing industry, artificially high real wages, and unemployment. Its neutralization requires managing the exchange rate. The principal instrument for that is a sales or export tax on the commodities that give origin to the Dutch disease. In order to neutralize it policymakers face major political obstacles since it involves taxing exports and reducing wages. Finally, this papers argues that there is an extended concept of Dutch disease: besides having its origin in natural resources, it may arise from cheap labor provided that the ‘wage spread’ in the developing country is considerably larger than in the developed one - a condition that is usually present.
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            A taxa de câmbio no centro da teoria do desenvolvimento

            Este artigo apresenta as principais ideias da macroeconomia estruturalista do desenvolvimento - a teoria por trás de novo-desenvolvimentismo. Seu foco é a taxa de câmbio que é pela primeira vez colocada no centro da economia do desenvolvimento. A teoria econômica geralmente vê a taxa de câmbio como um problema de curto prazo a ser discutido na macroeconomia. A macroeconomia estruturalista do desenvolvimento mostra que há, nos países em desenvolvimento, a tendência à sobreapreciação cíclica da taxa de câmbio causada pela falta de neutralização da doença holandesa e por entradas de capital excessivas. Em consequência, considera a taxa de câmbio cronicamente sobreapreciada e, por isso, um grande obstáculo ao crescimento econômico. No processo de desenvolvimento, a taxa de câmbio tem a função de um interruptor de luz que conecta ou desconecta as empresas nacionais que utilizam a tecnologia no estado da arte mundial dos mercados mundiais.
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              When Fast-Growing Economies Slow Down: International Evidence and Implications for China

                Author and article information

                Journal
                rep
                Brazilian Journal of Political Economy
                Brazil. J. Polit. Econ.
                Centro de Economia Política (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0101-3157
                1809-4538
                April 2022
                : 42
                : 2
                : 503-531
                Affiliations
                [1] São Paulo SP orgnameFundação Getulio Vargas Brasil bresserpereira@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S0101-31572022000200503 S0101-3157(22)04200200503
                10.1590/0101-31572022-3328
                025b5ca8-4870-42e1-a962-65b41f9da6ec

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 April 2021
                : 12 May 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 23, Pages: 29
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Artigos

                endividamento externo,exchange rate,foreign indebtedness,Dutch disease,Investimento público,investimento privado,taxa de câmbio,doença holandesa,Public investment,private investment

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