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      In vivo small animal micro-CT using nanoparticle contrast agents

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          Abstract

          Computed tomography (CT) is one of the most valuable modalities for in vivo imaging because it is fast, high-resolution, cost-effective, and non-invasive. Moreover, CT is heavily used not only in the clinic (for both diagnostics and treatment planning) but also in preclinical research as micro-CT. Although CT is inherently effective for lung and bone imaging, soft tissue imaging requires the use of contrast agents. For small animal micro-CT, nanoparticle contrast agents are used in order to avoid rapid renal clearance. A variety of nanoparticles have been used for micro-CT imaging, but the majority of research has focused on the use of iodine-containing nanoparticles and gold nanoparticles. Both nanoparticle types can act as highly effective blood pool contrast agents or can be targeted using a wide variety of targeting mechanisms. CT imaging can be further enhanced by adding spectral capabilities to separate multiple co-injected nanoparticles in vivo. Spectral CT, using both energy-integrating and energy-resolving detectors, has been used with multiple contrast agents to enable functional and molecular imaging. This review focuses on new developments for in vivo small animal micro-CT using novel nanoparticle probes applied in preclinical research.

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          Most cited references158

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          Long-circulating and target-specific nanoparticles: theory to practice.

          The rapid recognition of intravenously injected colloidal carriers, such as liposomes and polymeric nanospheres from the blood by Kupffer cells, has initiated a surge of development for "Kupffer cell-evading" or long-circulating particles. Such carriers have applications in vascular drug delivery and release, site-specific targeting (passive as well as active targeting), as well as transfusion medicine. In this article we have critically reviewed and assessed the rational approaches in the design as well as the biological performance of such constructs. For engineering and design of long-circulating carriers, we have taken a lead from nature. Here, we have explored the surface mechanisms, which affords red blood cells long-circulatory lives and the ability of specific microorganisms to evade macrophage recognition. Our analysis is then centered where such strategies have been translated and fabricated to design a wide range of particulate carriers (e.g., nanospheres, liposomes, micelles, oil-in-water emulsions) with prolonged circulation and/or target specificity. With regard to the targeting issues, attention is particularly focused on the importance of physiological barriers and disease states.
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            X-ray-computed tomography contrast agents.

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              The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect in tumor vasculature: the key role of tumor-selective macromolecular drug targeting.

              H. Maeda (2001)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Pharmacol
                Front Pharmacol
                Front. Pharmacol.
                Frontiers in Pharmacology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1663-9812
                04 November 2015
                2015
                : 6
                : 256
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham NC, USA
                [2] 2Department of Radiology, Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC, USA
                Author notes

                Edited by: Nicolau Beckmann, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Switzerland

                Reviewed by: David Cormode, University of Pennsylvania, USA; Detlef Stiller, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Germany

                *Correspondence: Cristian T. Badea, cristian.badea@ 123456duke.edu

                This article was submitted to Experimental Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology

                Article
                10.3389/fphar.2015.00256
                4631946
                26581654
                026a8499-3fb0-4ca2-ad7a-342c15dc734a
                Copyright © 2015 Ashton, West and Badea.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 29 May 2015
                : 19 October 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 15, Tables: 0, Equations: 1, References: 194, Pages: 22, Words: 0
                Funding
                Funded by: National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering 10.13039/100000070
                Funded by: National Cancer Institute 10.13039/100000054
                Categories
                Pharmacology
                Review

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                micro-ct,small animal imaging,nanoparticles,contrast agents,spectral imaging

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