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      Diversity and dynamics of the Drosophila transcriptome

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      a , b , , a , c , d , a , d , b , g , b , i , b , b , e , b , c , c , c , c , e , f , b , b , d , g , h , j , b , a , a , c , a , i , c , e , f , b , c , g , h , j , d , , b ,
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          Abstract

          Animal transcriptomes are dynamic, each cell type, tissue and organ system expressing an ensemble of transcript isoforms that give rise to substantial diversity. We identified new genes, transcripts, and proteins using poly(A)+ RNA sequence from Drosophila melanogaster cultured cell lines, dissected organ systems, and environmental perturbations. We found a small set of mostly neural-specific genes has the potential to encode thousands of transcripts each through extensive alternative promoter usage and RNA splicing. The magnitudes of splicing changes are larger between tissues than between developmental stages, and most sex-specific splicing is gonad-specific. Gonads express hundreds of previously unknown coding and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) some of which are antisense to protein-coding genes and produce short regulatory RNAs. Furthermore, previously identified pervasive intergenic transcription occurs primarily within newly identified introns. The fly transcriptome is substantially more complex than previously recognized arising from combinatorial usage of promoters, splice sites, and polyadenylation sites.

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          Most cited references37

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          The transcriptional landscape of the yeast genome defined by RNA sequencing.

          The identification of untranslated regions, introns, and coding regions within an organism remains challenging. We developed a quantitative sequencing-based method called RNA-Seq for mapping transcribed regions, in which complementary DNA fragments are subjected to high-throughput sequencing and mapped to the genome. We applied RNA-Seq to generate a high-resolution transcriptome map of the yeast genome and demonstrated that most (74.5%) of the nonrepetitive sequence of the yeast genome is transcribed. We confirmed many known and predicted introns and demonstrated that others are not actively used. Alternative initiation codons and upstream open reading frames also were identified for many yeast genes. We also found unexpected 3'-end heterogeneity and the presence of many overlapping genes. These results indicate that the yeast transcriptome is more complex than previously appreciated.
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            An endogenous small interfering RNA pathway in Drosophila.

            Drosophila endogenous small RNAs are categorized according to their mechanisms of biogenesis and the Argonaute protein to which they bind. MicroRNAs are a class of ubiquitously expressed RNAs of approximately 22 nucleotides in length, which arise from structured precursors through the action of Drosha-Pasha and Dicer-1-Loquacious complexes. These join Argonaute-1 to regulate gene expression. A second endogenous small RNA class, the Piwi-interacting RNAs, bind Piwi proteins and suppress transposons. Piwi-interacting RNAs are restricted to the gonad, and at least a subset of these arises by Piwi-catalysed cleavage of single-stranded RNAs. Here we show that Drosophila generates a third small RNA class, endogenous small interfering RNAs, in both gonadal and somatic tissues. Production of these RNAs requires Dicer-2, but a subset depends preferentially on Loquacious rather than the canonical Dicer-2 partner, R2D2 (ref. 14). Endogenous small interfering RNAs arise both from convergent transcription units and from structured genomic loci in a tissue-specific fashion. They predominantly join Argonaute-2 and have the capacity, as a class, to target both protein-coding genes and mobile elements. These observations expand the repertoire of small RNAs in Drosophila, adding a class that blurs distinctions based on known biogenesis mechanisms and functional roles.
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              Endogenous siRNAs derived from transposons and mRNAs in Drosophila somatic cells.

              Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) direct RNA interference (RNAi) in eukaryotes. In flies, somatic cells produce siRNAs from exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) as a defense against viral infection. We identified endogenous siRNAs (endo-siRNAs), 21 nucleotides in length, that correspond to transposons and heterochromatic sequences in the somatic cells of Drosophila melanogaster. We also detected endo-siRNAs complementary to messenger RNAs (mRNAs); these siRNAs disproportionately mapped to the complementary regions of overlapping mRNAs predicted to form double-stranded RNA in vivo. Normal accumulation of somatic endo-siRNAs requires the siRNA-generating ribonuclease Dicer-2 and the RNAi effector protein Argonaute2 (Ago2). We propose that endo-siRNAs generated by the fly RNAi pathway silence selfish genetic elements in the soma, much as Piwi-interacting RNAs do in the germ line.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                0410462
                6011
                Nature
                Nature
                Nature
                0028-0836
                1476-4687
                31 January 2014
                28 August 2014
                28 February 2015
                : 512
                : 7515
                : 393-399
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Statistics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
                [b ]Department of Genome Dynamics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
                [c ]Department of Biology, Indiana University, 1001 E. 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN
                [d ]Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 400 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT
                [e ]Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Indiana University, 1001 E. 3rd Street, Bloomington, IN
                [f ]Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY
                [g ]Sloan-Kettering Institute, 1017C Rockefeller Research Labs 1275 York Avenue, Box 252 New York, NY 10065
                [h ]Section of Developmental Genomics, Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes or Health, Bethesda MD
                [i ]Omics Science Center, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, 230-0045 Kanagawa, Japan
                [j ]Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
                [k ]Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
                Author notes
                [§]

                These authors contributed equally and should be considered co-first authors

                Article
                NIHMS550802
                10.1038/nature12962
                4152413
                24670639
                028d6dc3-d853-44d1-bb43-dc2e1e2befc1

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