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      Sobrepeso, obesidad, hábitos alimentarios, actividad física y uso del tiempo libre en escolares de Corrientes (Argentina) Translated title: Overweight, obesity, eating habits, physical activity, and use of leisure time in students from Corrientes, Argentina

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          Abstract

          El presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de valorar la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, las tendencias en los hábitos alimentarios, de actividad física y el uso del tiempo libre, de los escolares de la ciudad de Corrientes, en Argentina. Fueron estudiados escolares de uno y otro sexo, de 10 a 15 años de edad, concurrentes a escuelas seleccionadas de forma aleatoria, no estratificada por sorteo, entre todas las escuelas del centro de la ciudad. Las variables utilizadas en el estudio fueron: sexo, edad, talla y peso corporal, índice de masa corporal, actividad física, horas de televisión, hábitos alimentarios y nivel socioeconómico. Fueron estudiados 2 507 escolares, el 17,1 % de los cuales presentaba sobrepeso y el 4,5 %, obesidad. El promedio de tiempo diario que invirtieron en mirar televisión fue de 2,5 h. El grupo estudiado presenta una prevalencia alta de sobrepeso y obesidad, conductas alimentarias no adecuadas y un nivel de actividad física bajo. El 36 % no realizaba ninguna actividad física fuera de la escuela.

          Translated abstract

          The aim of the present paper is to asses the prevalence of overweight and obesity, the eating habit trends, the physical activity, and the use of free time among the students from Corrientes city, Argentina. Students of both sexes aged 10-15, attending the schools selected from all the ones existing in the center of the city by a randomized nonstratified lottery sampling, were studied. The variables used in the study were: sex, age, height, and body weight, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, hours spent in front of the TV, eating habits, and socioeconomic level. Of the 2 507 studied students, 17.1 % were overweight, and 4.5 % were obese. The average daily time spent watching TV was 2.5 hours. The studied group presented a high prevalence of overweight and obesity, inadequate eaating behaviors, and a low level of physical activity. 36 % did not carry out any physical activity out of school.

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          Changes in physical activity patterns in the United States, by sex and cross-sectional age.

          To determine sex-specific, age-related changes in physical activity patterns. We examined cross-sectional data from the National Health Interview Survey, using the 1992 Youth Risk Behavior Survey supplement for adolescents and the 1991 Health Promotion/Disease Prevention supplement for adults. Physical activity patterns were modeled after Healthy People 2000 objectives. Among adolescents, physical activity patterns generally eroded most from ages 15 through 18. The "regular, vigorous activity" and strengthening patterns declined consistently from ages 12 through 21. Young adulthood (18-29 yr) often marked continuing erosion of activity patterns, whereas middle adulthood (30-64 yr) often revealed relatively stable patterns. At retirement age (65 yr), there was a stabilizing, or even an improving, tendency in activity patterns, usually followed by further erosion through the final period of life. Strengthening behavior eroded dramatically with advancing age among adults, especially among men. Among adolescents, differences between female and male respondents were large for regular, vigorous activity (11.3 percentage points greater for male respondents). In comparison with female adolescents and adults, male respondents reported much higher rates of regular, sustained activity (5.5 and 5.9 percentage points, respectively), and strengthening (18.2 and 11.3 percentage points, respectively). Among adults, levels of physical inactivity among women were moderately greater (5.5 percentage points) than for men. Absolute rates of change per year were mostly large to very large (3.0-8.0 percentage points x yr(-1)) during ages 15-18 yr, but, for adults, they were small (<0.5 percentage points x yr(-1)) for 33 of 40 sex, age, and pattern groupings. These data suggest that early and continued intervention will be necessary to offset these declines in physical activity throughout adolescence and adulthood.
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            Contribution of a sedentary lifestyle and inactivity to the etiology of overweight and obesity: current evidence and research issues.

            The etiology of overweight and obesity is clearly multifactorial, but ultimately it is determined by the long-term balance between energy intake and expenditure. This review will consider the effects on body weight and the risk of obesity of sedentary lifestyles, within the context of dietary habits. The data from ecological, cross-sectional, and prospective studies that have assessed physical activity and dietary intake and their relationship to body weight were reviewed. Ecological analyses imply that the increase in the prevalence of obesity is more strongly related to lower levels of physical activity than higher energy intakes. However, there is a paucity of pertinent data from cross-sectional or prospective studies. There is some evidence that both a high proportion of dietary fat and low levels of physical activity may increase the likelihood of weight gain. However, even the most comprehensive studies are unable to account for more than a small proportion of the interindividual variance in weight gain, so it is difficult to usefully assess their relative importance. Furthermore, there are insufficient data that pertain to "sedentary lifestyles" to segregate any putative effect from a protective effect of exercise. All the data in this review is NHLBI Evidence category C. This review provides clear evidence that low levels of physical activity are associated with an increased risk of weight gain and obesity. On balance, the evidence is suggestive of a causal link, but the experimental designs are too weak is provide conclusive evidence. The potential effect of interactions between diet and activity have largely been ignored. To make progress in this area, a number of key issues need to be resolved with regard to the methodology, study design, and statistical analysis of prospective epidemiological studies. In the meantime, data need to be drawn from other sources, particularly those studies designed to elucidate the mechanism of action of diet and physical activity in the etiology of obesity, to establish rational interventions to guide public health policies.
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              Adolescent physical activity and inactivity vary by ethnicity: The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health.

              To determine the extent to which physical activity and inactivity patterns vary by ethnicity among subpopulations of US adolescents. Nationally representative data from the 1996 National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health of >14,000 US adolescents (including 3135 non-Hispanic blacks, 2446 Hispanics, and 976 Asians). Hours per week of inactivity (TV viewing, playing video or computer games) and times per week of moderate to vigorous physical activity were collected by using questionnaire data. Multinomial logistic regression models of physical activity and inactivity were used to adjust for sociodemographic factors. Large ethnic differences are seen for inactivity, particularly for hours of television or video viewing per week (non-Hispanic blacks, mean = 20.4; non-Hispanic whites, mean = 13.1). Physical activity (>/=5 bouts of moderate to vigorous physical activity per week, 5-8 metabolic equivalents) is lowest for female and minority adolescents. Ethnic differences are far greater for inactivity than for moderate to vigorous physical activity. Minority adolescents, with the exception of Asian females, have consistently higher levels of inactivity. Results vary by sex; males have higher inactivity and physical activity, whereas lowest physical activity is found for non-Hispanic black and Asian females, although Asian females also have low inactivity and low levels of overweight. Overall, efforts to reduce the problem of adolescent overweight should focus on increasing activity levels of adolescents, particularly female, older, and major minority subpopulations.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ped
                Revista Cubana de Pediatría
                Rev Cubana Pediatr
                Editorial Ciencias Médicas (Ciudad de la Habana )
                1561-3119
                March 2007
                : 79
                : 1
                : 0
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Cátedra Nº 1 de Fisiología Humana Argentina
                Article
                S0034-75312007000100006
                029e4754-85b7-4766-99a7-6491ccb4ea19

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Cuba

                Self URI (journal page): http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0034-7531&lng=en
                Categories
                PEDIATRICS

                Pediatrics
                Overweight,students,food,physical activity,Sobrepeso,obesidad,escolares,alimentación,actividad física,obesity

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