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      Integrative taxonomy by molecular species delimitation: multi-locus data corroborate a new species of Balkan Drusinae micro-endemics

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          Abstract

          Background

          Taxonomy offers precise species identification and delimitation and thus provides basic information for biological research, e.g. through assessment of species richness. The importance of molecular taxonomy, i.e., the identification and delimitation of taxa based on molecular markers, has increased in the past decade. Recently developed exploratory tools now allow estimating species-level diversity in multi-locus molecular datasets.

          Results

          Here we use molecular species delimitation tools that either quantify differences in intra- and interspecific variability of loci, or divergence times within and between species, or perform coalescent species tree inference to estimate species-level entities in molecular genetic datasets. We benchmark results from these methods against 14 morphologically readily differentiable species of a well-defined subgroup of the diverse Drusinae subfamily (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae). Using a 3798 bp (6 loci) molecular data set we aim to corroborate a geographically isolated new species by integrating comparative morphological studies and molecular taxonomy.

          Conclusions

          Our results indicate that only multi-locus species delimitation provides taxonomically relevant information. The data further corroborate the new species Drusus zivici sp. nov. We provide differential diagnostic characters and describe the male, female and larva of this new species and discuss diversity patterns of Drusinae in the Balkans. We further discuss potential and significance of molecular species delimitation. Finally we argue that enhancing collaborative integrative taxonomy will accelerate assessment of global diversity and completion of reference libraries for applied fields, e.g., conservation and biomonitoring.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0972-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references108

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          Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation.

          The taxonomic challenge posed by cryptic species (two or more distinct species classified as a single species) has been recognized for nearly 300 years, but the advent of relatively inexpensive and rapid DNA sequencing has given biologists a new tool for detecting and differentiating morphologically similar species. Here, we synthesize the literature on cryptic and sibling species and discuss trends in their discovery. However, a lack of systematic studies leaves many questions open, such as whether cryptic species are more common in particular habitats, latitudes or taxonomic groups. The discovery of cryptic species is likely to be non-random with regard to taxon and biome and, hence, could have profound implications for evolutionary theory, biogeography and conservation planning.
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            Gene Trees in Species Trees

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              Next-generation monitoring of aquatic biodiversity using environmental DNA metabarcoding.

              Global biodiversity in freshwater and the oceans is declining at high rates. Reliable tools for assessing and monitoring aquatic biodiversity, especially for rare and secretive species, are important for efficient and timely management. Recent advances in DNA sequencing have provided a new tool for species detection from DNA present in the environment. In this study, we tested whether an environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding approach, using water samples, can be used for addressing significant questions in ecology and conservation. Two key aquatic vertebrate groups were targeted: amphibians and bony fish. The reliability of this method was cautiously validated in silico, in vitro and in situ. When compared with traditional surveys or historical data, eDNA metabarcoding showed a much better detection probability overall. For amphibians, the detection probability with eDNA metabarcoding was 0.97 (CI = 0.90-0.99) vs. 0.58 (CI = 0.50-0.63) for traditional surveys. For fish, in 89% of the studied sites, the number of taxa detected using the eDNA metabarcoding approach was higher or identical to the number detected using traditional methods. We argue that the proposed DNA-based approach has the potential to become the next-generation tool for ecological studies and standardized biodiversity monitoring in a wide range of aquatic ecosystems.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                simon.vitecek@univie.ac.at , simon.vitecek@senckenberg.de
                mladen.kucinic@biol.pmf.hr
                ana.previsic@biol.pmf.hr
                ivanas@bio.bg.ac.rs
                k.bjelanovic@bio.bg.ac.rs
                keresztes2012@gmail.com
                miklos.balint@senckenberg.de
                felicitas.hoppeler@senckenberg.de
                johann.waringer@univie.ac.at
                wolfram.graf@boku.ac.at
                steffen.pauls@senckenberg.de
                Journal
                BMC Evol Biol
                BMC Evol. Biol
                BMC Evolutionary Biology
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-2148
                6 June 2017
                6 June 2017
                2017
                : 17
                : 129
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2286 1424, GRID grid.10420.37, Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, , Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, ; Vienna, Austria
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0657 4636, GRID grid.4808.4, Department of Biology, , Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, ; Zagreb, Croatia
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2166 9385, GRID grid.7149.b, Institute of Zoology, , University of Belgrade-Faculty of Biology, ; Belgrade, Serbia
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1937 1397, GRID grid.7399.4, Center for Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Faculty of Biology and Geology, , Babeş-Bolyai University, ; Cluj-Napoca, Romania
                [5 ]Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre BIK-F, Frankfurt’ to ‘Frankfurt am Main, Germany
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2298 5320, GRID grid.5173.0, Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecology Management, , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, ; Vienna, Austria
                [7 ]Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt’ to ‘Frankfurt am Main, Germany
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7637-563X
                Article
                972
                10.1186/s12862-017-0972-5
                5461746
                28587671
                02dac081-da5e-4bcf-a1f8-cd59bf3ec130
                © The Author(s). 2017

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 24 February 2017
                : 18 May 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002428, Austrian Science Fund;
                Award ID: P23687-B17
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Evolutionary Biology
                genetics,phylogenetics,trichoptera,identification,new species,stacey
                Evolutionary Biology
                genetics, phylogenetics, trichoptera, identification, new species, stacey

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