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      Feedback training induces a bias for detecting happiness or fear in facial expressions that generalises to a novel task

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          Abstract

          Many psychological disorders are characterised by insensitivities or biases in the processing of subtle facial expressions of emotion. Training using expression morph sequences which vary the intensity of expressions may be able to address such deficits. In the current study participants were shown expressions from either happy or fearful intensity morph sequences, and trained to detect the target emotion (e.g., happy in the happy sequence) as being present in low intensity expressions. Training transfer was tested using a six alternative forced choice emotion labelling task with varying intensity expressions, which participants completed before and after training. Training increased false alarms for the target emotion in the transfer task. Hit rate for the target emotion did not increase once adjustment was made for the increase in false alarms. This suggests that training causes a bias for detecting the target emotion which generalises outside of the training task. However it does not increase accuracy for detecting the target emotion. The results are discussed in terms of the training’s utility in addressing different types of emotion processing deficits in psychological disorders.

          Highlights

          • Participants were trained to detect happiness or fear in low intensity expressions.

          • Training lead to a bias for recognizing happiness or fear on faces in a novel task.

          • However, participants did not become more accurate at recognizing happiness or fear.

          • This training may be effective in altering specific biases in emotion recognition.

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          Most cited references17

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          On measuring performance in category judgment studies of nonverbal behavior

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            Facial expressions of emotion (KDEF): identification under different display-duration conditions.

            Participants judged which of seven facial expressions (neutrality, happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, fear, and disgust) were displayed by a set of 280 faces corresponding to 20 female and 20 male models of the Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces database (Lundqvist, Flykt, & Ohman, 1998). Each face was presented under free-viewing conditions (to 63 participants) and also for 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 msec (to 160 participants), to examine identification thresholds. Measures of identification accuracy, types of errors, and reaction times were obtained for each expression. In general, happy faces were identified more accurately, earlier, and faster than other faces, whereas judgments of fearful faces were the least accurate, the latest, and the slowest. Norms for each face and expression regarding level of identification accuracy, errors, and reaction times may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive/.
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              Recognition accuracy and response bias to happy and sad facial expressions in patients with major depression.

              Impaired facial expression recognition has been associated with features of major depression, which could underlie some of the difficulties in social interactions in these patients. Patients with major depressive disorder and age- and gender-matched healthy volunteers judged the emotion of 100 facial stimuli displaying different intensities of sadness and happiness and neutral expressions presented for short (100 ms) and long (2,000 ms) durations. Compared with healthy volunteers, depressed patients demonstrated subtle impairments in discrimination accuracy and a predominant bias away from the identification as happy of mildly happy expressions. The authors suggest that, in depressed patients, the inability to accurately identify subtle changes in facial expression displayed by others in social situations may underlie the impaired interpersonal functioning.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Psychiatry Res
                Psychiatry Res
                Psychiatry Research
                Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press
                0165-1781
                1872-7123
                30 December 2015
                30 December 2015
                : 230
                : 3
                : 951-957
                Affiliations
                [a ]School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
                [b ]Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MRC IEU) at the University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
                [c ]UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol BS8 1TU, United Kingdom.School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol12a Priory RoadBristolBS8 1TUUnited Kingdom sarah.griffiths@ 123456bristol.ac.uk
                Article
                S0165-1781(15)30014-7
                10.1016/j.psychres.2015.11.007
                4693450
                26619915
                02eaff7c-232b-48cf-9f9d-e56a2e66aa98
                © 2015 The Authors

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 13 July 2015
                : 4 November 2015
                : 6 November 2015
                Categories
                Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                emotion,intervention,perception,sensitivity,bias
                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                emotion, intervention, perception, sensitivity, bias

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