A Comprehensive Review of the Protein Subunit Vaccines Against COVID-19

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Abstract

Two years after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), in December 2019, the first infections were identified in Wuhan city of China. SARS-CoV-2 infection caused a global pandemic and accordingly, 5.41 million deaths worldwide. Hence, developing a safe and efficient vaccine for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) seems to be an urgent need. Attempts to produce efficient vaccines inexhaustibly are ongoing. At present time, according to the COVID-19 vaccine tracker and landscape provided by World Health Organization (WHO), there are 161 vaccine candidates in different clinical phases all over the world. In between, protein subunit vaccines are types of vaccines that contain a viral protein like spike protein or its segment as the antigen assumed to elicit humoral and cellular immunity and good protective effects. Previously, this technology of vaccine manufacturing was used in a recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV4). In the present work, we review protein subunit vaccines passing their phase 3 and 4 clinical trials, population participated in these trials, vaccines manufactures, vaccines efficiency and their side effects, and other features of these vaccines.

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Structural and Functional Basis of SARS-CoV-2 Entry by Using Human ACE2

Qihui Wang, Yanfang Zhang, Lili Wu … (2020)

Summary The recent emergence of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in China has caused significant public health concerns. Recently, ACE2 was reported as an entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we present the crystal structure of the C-terminal domain of SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2-CTD) spike (S) protein in complex with human ACE2 (hACE2), which reveals a hACE2-binding mode similar overall to that observed for SARS-CoV. However, atomic details at the binding interface demonstrate that key residue substitutions in SARS-CoV-2-CTD slightly strengthen the interaction and lead to higher affinity for receptor binding than SARS-RBD. Additionally, a panel of murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) against SARS-CoV-S1/receptor-binding domain (RBD) were unable to interact with the SARS-CoV-2 S protein, indicating notable differences in antigenicity between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. These findings shed light on the viral pathogenesis and provide important structural information regarding development of therapeutic countermeasures against the emerging virus.

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The spike protein of SARS-CoV — a target for vaccine and therapeutic development

Lanying Du, Yuxian He, Yusen Zhou … (2009)

Key Points This Review provides an overview on the spike (S) protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) as a target for the development of vaccines and therapeutics for the prevention and treatment of SARS. SARS is a newly emerging infectious disease, caused by SARS-CoV, a novel coronavirus that caused a global outbreak of SARS. SARS-CoV S protein mediates binding of the virus with its receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and promotes the fusion between the viral and host cell membranes and virus entry into the host cell. SARS-CoV S protein induces humoral and cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV. SARS S protein is the target of new SARS vaccines. These vaccines are based on SARS-CoV full-length S protein and its receptor-binding domain, including DNA-, viral vector- and subunit-based vaccines Peptides, antibodies, organic compounds and short interfering RNAs are additional anti-SARS-CoV therapeutics that target the S protein. The work on SARS-CoV S protein-based vaccines and drugs will be useful as a model for the development of prophylactic strategies and therapies against other viruses with class I fusion proteins that can cause emerging infectious diseases.

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Characterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine

Wanbo Tai, Lei He, Xiujuan Zhang … (2020)

The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has posed a serious threat to global public health, calling for the development of safe and effective prophylactics and therapeutics against infection of its causative agent, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), also known as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The CoV spike (S) protein plays the most important roles in viral attachment, fusion and entry, and serves as a target for development of antibodies, entry inhibitors and vaccines. Here, we identified the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in SARS-CoV-2 S protein and found that the RBD protein bound strongly to human and bat angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. SARS-CoV-2 RBD exhibited significantly higher binding affinity to ACE2 receptor than SARS-CoV RBD and could block the binding and, hence, attachment of SARS-CoV-2 RBD and SARS-CoV RBD to ACE2-expressing cells, thus inhibiting their infection to host cells. SARS-CoV RBD-specific antibodies could cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein, and SARS-CoV RBD-induced antisera could cross-neutralize SARS-CoV-2, suggesting the potential to develop SARS-CoV RBD-based vaccines for prevention of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infection.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Mohsen Heidary: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/580992/overview

Vahab Hassan Kaviar: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1669856/overview

Roya Ghanavati: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1819163/overview

Mohammad Sholeh: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1810857/overview

Hossein Ghahramanpour: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1842126/overview

Saeed Khoshnood: URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/521754/overview

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Microbiol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Microbiol

Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Microbiol.

Title: Frontiers in Microbiology

Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.

ISSN (Electronic): 1664-302X

Publication date (Electronic): 14 July 2022

Publication date Collection: 2022

Publication date PMC-release: 14 July 2022

Volume: 13

Electronic Location Identifier: 927306

Affiliations

[1] ¹Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences , Sabzevar, Iran

[2] ²Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences , Ilam, Iran

[3] ³Toxicology Research Center, Medical Basic Sciences Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz, Iran

[4] ⁴School of Paramedical Sciences, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences , Behbahan, Iran

[5] ⁵Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz, Iran

[6] ⁶Department of Microbiology, Pasteur Institute of Iran , Tehran, Iran

[7] ⁷Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran

Author notes

Edited by: Seil Kim, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, South Korea

Reviewed by: Dharmendra Maurya, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), India; Ran Wang, Capital Medical University, China

*Correspondence: Saeed Khoshnood, saeed.khoshnood22@ 123456gmail.com

This article was submitted to Virology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology

Article

DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.927306

PMC ID: 9329957

PubMed ID: 35910658

SO-VID: 02f4099d-6f98-4b03-9e46-001544fd3ab8

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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

History

Date received : 24 April 2022

Date accepted : 08 June 2022

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Figures: 2, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 99, Pages: 14, Words: 10614

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A Comprehensive Review of the Protein Subunit Vaccines Against COVID-19

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Novel Coronavirus Disease COVID-19

Most cited references 89

Structural and Functional Basis of SARS-CoV-2 Entry by Using Human ACE2

The spike protein of SARS-CoV — a target for vaccine and therapeutic development

Characterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine

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Cited by 31

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