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      Community pharmacists and communication in the time of COVID-19: Applying the health belief model

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          The emergence of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic presents an unprecedented health communications challenge. Healthcare providers should reinforce behaviors that limit the spread of the pandemic, including social distancing and remaining in the home whenever possible. Formal communications toolkits may not be prepared in a timely fashion. Community pharmacists can reinforce mitigation behaviors by applying the health belief model (HBM). This commentary provides an overview of the HBM and offers suggestions on how community pharmacists can use it as a guide to patient communication in these uncertain contexts.

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          Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention

          Zunyou Wu, Jennifer M. McGoogan (2020)
          Article 0 comments Cited 8347 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            COVID-19 and Italy: what next?

            Andrea Remuzzi, Giuseppe Remuzzi (2020)
            Summary The spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has already taken on pandemic proportions, affecting over 100 countries in a matter of weeks. A global response to prepare health systems worldwide is imperative. Although containment measures in China have reduced new cases by more than 90%, this reduction is not the case elsewhere, and Italy has been particularly affected. There is now grave concern regarding the Italian national health system's capacity to effectively respond to the needs of patients who are infected and require intensive care for SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia. The percentage of patients in intensive care reported daily in Italy between March 1 and March 11, 2020, has consistently been between 9% and 11% of patients who are actively infected. The number of patients infected since Feb 21 in Italy closely follows an exponential trend. If this trend continues for 1 more week, there will be 30 000 infected patients. Intensive care units will then be at maximum capacity; up to 4000 hospital beds will be needed by mid-April, 2020. Our analysis might help political leaders and health authorities to allocate enough resources, including personnel, beds, and intensive care facilities, to manage the situation in the next few days and weeks. If the Italian outbreak follows a similar trend as in Hubei province, China, the number of newly infected patients could start to decrease within 3–4 days, departing from the exponential trend. However, this cannot currently be predicted because of differences between social distancing measures and the capacity to quickly build dedicated facilities in China.
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              A meta-analysis of studies of the Health Belief Model with adults.

              Joel Harrison, Patricia Mullen, Lawrence W. Green (1992)
              The Health Belief Model (HBM) relates a socio-psychologic theory of decision making to individual health-related behaviors. We conducted a meta-analysis of the relationships between four HBM dimensions (Susceptibility, Severity, Benefits and Costs) and health behavior on 16 studies that measured all four of the dimensions, measured a behavioral dependent variable and included some measures of reliability, minimal criteria for establishing the validity of the dimensions. Mean effect sizes were computed for all the studies, subgroupings representing studies of screening, risk reduction and adherence to medical regimen, and prospective and retrospective study designs. Of 24 mean effect sizes, 22 were found to be positive and statistically significant. The actual variance accounted for ranged from 0.001 to 0.09. Homogeneity was rejected for 15 of the 22, however, suggesting that the same underlying construct was not measured. Retrospective studies were found to have significantly large effect sizes for benefits and costs and smaller effect sizes for severity when compared to prospective studies. The weak effect sizes and lack of homogeneity indicate that it is premature to draw conclusions about the predictive validity of the HBM as operationalized in these studies. Our finding of only 16 studies meeting minimal criteria for valid representation of the HBM dimensions indicates that future studies should focus more on such issues.
              Article 0 comments Cited 152 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Ronald “Ron” Carico Jr.
                Jordan Sheppard
                C. Borden Thomas
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Res Social Adm Pharm
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Res Social Adm Pharm
                Title: Research in Social & Administrative Pharmacy
                Publisher: Elsevier Inc.
                ISSN (Print): 1551-7411
                ISSN (Electronic): 1934-8150
                Publication date PMC-release: 26 March 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 March 2020
                Electronic Location Identifier:
                Affiliations
                [1]Marshall Pharmacy, 1600 Medical Center Dr, Huntington, WV, 25701, USA
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. caricor@ 123456marshall.edu
                Article
                Publisher ID: S1551-7411(20)30293-X
                DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.03.017
                PMC ID: 7118622
                PubMed ID: 32247680
                SO-VID: 03095eda-b14e-48f6-aa2d-57c2a660de19
                Copyright © © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
                License:

                Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.

                History
                Date received : 25 March 2020
                Date accepted : 25 March 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: coronavirus/covid,pandemic,communication,health belief model,2019-ncov, novel coronavirus 2019,covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019,hbm, health belief model
                Data availability:
                Keywords: coronavirus/covid, pandemic, communication, health belief model, 2019-ncov, novel coronavirus 2019, covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019, hbm, health belief model

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