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      Enabling nanoscale flexoelectricity at extreme temperature by tuning cation diffusion

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          Abstract

          Any dielectric material under a strain gradient presents flexoelectricity. Here, we synthesized 0.75 sodium bismuth titanate −0.25 strontium titanate (NBT-25ST) core–shell nanoparticles via a solid-state chemical reaction directly inside a transmission electron microscope (TEM) and observed domain-like nanoregions (DLNRs) up to an extreme temperature of 800 °C. We attribute this abnormal phenomenon to a chemically induced lattice strain gradient present in the core–shell nanoparticle. The strain gradient was generated by controlling the diffusion of strontium cations. By combining electrical biasing and temperature-dependent in situ TEM with phase field simulations, we analyzed the resulting strain gradient and local polarization distribution within a single nanoparticle. The analysis confirms that a local symmetry breaking, occurring due to a strain gradient (i.e. flexoelectricity), accounts for switchable polarization beyond the conventional temperature range of existing polar materials. We demonstrate that polar nanomaterials can be obtained through flexoelectricity at extreme temperature by tuning the cation diffusion.

          Abstract

          The limited number of materials with a switchable electrical polarization available for applications can be increased by exploiting the flexoelectric effect. Here, switchable polarization in nanoparticles induced by an elemental distribution dependent strain gradient up to 800 °C is demonstrated.

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          Most cited references36

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          Piezoelectric Effects in Liquid Crystals

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            An all-organic composite actuator material with a high dielectric constant.

            Electroactive polymers (EAPs) can behave as actuators, changing their shape in response to electrical stimulation. EAPs that are controlled by external electric fields--referred to here as field-type EAPs--include ferroelectric polymers, electrostrictive polymers, dielectric elastomers and liquid crystal polymers. Field-type EAPs can exhibit fast response speeds, low hysteresis and strain levels far above those of traditional piezoelectric materials, with elastic energy densities even higher than those of piezoceramics. However, these polymers also require a high field (>70 V micro m(-1)) to generate such high elastic energy densities (>0.1 J cm(-3); refs 4, 5, 9, 10). Here we report a new class of all-organic field-type EAP composites, which can exhibit high elastic energy densities induced by an electric field of only 13 V micro m(-1). The composites are fabricated from an organic filler material possessing very high dielectric constant dispersed in an electrostrictive polymer matrix. The composites can exhibit high net dielectric constants while retaining the flexibility of the matrix. These all-organic actuators could find applications as artificial muscles, 'smart skins' for drag reduction, and in microfluidic systems for drug delivery.
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              Lanthanum-substituted bismuth titanate for use in non-volatile memories

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                molina@aem.tu-darmstadt.de
                ma771@cam.ac.uk
                Journal
                Nat Commun
                Nat Commun
                Nature Communications
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2041-1723
                25 October 2018
                25 October 2018
                2018
                : 9
                : 4445
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0940 1669, GRID grid.6546.1, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Advanced Electron Microscopy (AEM) Group, , Technische Universität Darmstadt, ; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0940 1669, GRID grid.6546.1, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, Mechanics of Functional Materials Division, , Technische Universität Darmstadt, ; Otto-Berndt-Strasse 3, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
                [3 ]DENSsolutions, Informaticalaan 12, 2628ZD Delft, Netherlands
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2097 4740, GRID grid.5292.c, Kavli Centre of NanoScience, National Centre for HRTEM, TU Delft, ; 2628CJ Delft, Netherlands
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0940 1669, GRID grid.6546.1, Department of Materials and Earth Sciences, FG Nichtmetallische-Anorganische Werkstoffe, , Technische Universität Darmstadt, ; Alarich-Weiss-Strasse 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9412-8093
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3743-350X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2826-2670
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7672-3107
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5906-5341
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9504-883X
                Article
                6959
                10.1038/s41467-018-06959-8
                6202390
                30361549
                0332e9db-8e6c-4fd1-b206-7b6c2556f369
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 22 January 2018
                : 6 September 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Foundation);
                Award ID: MO 3010/3-1
                Award ID: INST163/2951
                Award ID: RO954/22-1
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100004963, EC | Seventh Framework Programme (European Union Seventh Framework Programme);
                Award ID: 312483/ESTEEM2
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100003495, Hessisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft und Kunst (Hessen State Ministry of Higher Education, Research and the Arts);
                Award ID: LOEWE RESPONSE
                Award ID: LOEWE RESPONSE
                Award Recipient :
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