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      AGREEMENT BETWEEN PHYSICAL BEST AND FITNESSGRAM CRITERION-REFERENCED STANDARDS FOR MUSCULAR STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE Translated title: CONCORDÂNCIA ENTRE OS CRITÉRIOS PHYSICAL BEST E FITNESSGRAM PARA A FORÇA E RESISTÊNCIA MUSCULAR

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          ABSTRACT

          Objective:

          To verify the agreement between PHYSICAL BEST and FITNESSGRAM health-related criteria for muscle strength and endurance.

          Methods:

          This agreement study had a sample of 81 children and adolescents. Participants were submitted to the PHYSICAL BEST (Sit-up and Pull-up) and FITNESSGRAM (Curl-up and Modified Pull-up) test batteries. Additionally, FITNESSGRAM also proposed criteria for Pull-up test. Results of tests were classified in accordance with their respective criteria. Each group had an interval of seven days between the first and second battery of tests. Statistical analysis used the Kappa index (p<0.05).

          Results:

          Sit-up and Curl-up tests among the boys agreed in 72.2% ( Kappa=0.368; p=0.004) of cases, and for the girls, in 64.4% ( Kappa=0.130; p=0.076). Pull-up (PHYSICAL BEST versus FITNESSGRAM) agreed in 83.3% ( Kappa=0.599; p<0.001) for boys. The agreement between Pull-up and Modified Pull-up (PHYSICAL BEST versus FITNESSGRAM) for boys was 47.2% ( Kappa=0.071; p=0.533), and for girls, 44.5% ( Kappa=0.102; p=0.120). The agreement between the Pull-up and Modified Pull-up tests (FITNESSGRAM) for boys was 58.4% ( Kappa=0.215; p=0.143), and for girls, 44.5% ( Kappa=0.102; p=0.120).

          Conclusions:

          For individual analysis over time, as well as for the comparison of passing rates between different populations, caution is advised when using different criterion-referenced standards for strength and endurance, particularly if using different tests.

          RESUMO

          Objetivo:

          Verificar a concordância entre os critérios relacionados à saúde para força e resistência muscular da PHYSICAL BEST e FITNESSGRAM.

          Métodos:

          Estudo de concordância com amostra composta de 81 crianças e adolescentes. Os participantes foram submetidos à bateria da PHYSICAL BEST (Abdominal e Flexão de cotovelos na barra) e da FITNESSGRAM (Abdominal modificado e Flexão de cotovelos na barra modificada). Adicionalmente, a FITNESSGRAM também propôs critérios para a Flexão de cotovelos na barra. Os resultados dos testes foram classificados de acordo com seus respectivos critérios. Houve um intervalo de sete dias entre as aplicações das baterias para cada grupo. A análise estatística utilizou o índice Kappa (p<0,05).

          Resultados:

          Os testes Abdominal e Abdominal modificado concordaram em 72,2% ( Kappa=0,368; p=0,004) entre os meninos e 64,4% ( Kappa=0,130; p=0,076) entre as meninas. Flexão de cotovelos na barra (PHYSICAL BEST versus FITNESSGRAM) concordou em 83,3% ( Kappa=0,599; p<0,001) para os meninos. A concordância entre Flexão de cotovelos na barra e Flexão de cotovelos na barra modificada (PHYSICAL BEST versus FITNESSGRAM) foi de 47,2% ( Kappa=0,071; p=0,533) para os meninos e 44,5% ( Kappa=0,102; p=0,120) para as meninas. A concordância entre o teste de Flexão de cotovelos na barra e de Flexão de cotovelos na barra modificada (fitnessgram) foi de 58,4% ( Kappa=0,215; p=0,143) para os meninos e 44,5% ( Kappa=0,102; p=0,120) para as meninas.

          Conclusões:

          Para análises individuais ao longo do tempo, bem como para a comparação do atendimento entre diferentes populações, recomenda-se cautela ao usar diferentes critérios para a força e resistência, particularmente se forem usados testes diferentes.

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          Most cited references32

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          • Article: not found

          The kappa statistic in reliability studies: use, interpretation, and sample size requirements.

          This article examines and illustrates the use and interpretation of the kappa statistic in musculoskeletal research. The reliability of clinicians' ratings is an important consideration in areas such as diagnosis and the interpretation of examination findings. Often, these ratings lie on a nominal or an ordinal scale. For such data, the kappa coefficient is an appropriate measure of reliability. Kappa is defined, in both weighted and unweighted forms, and its use is illustrated with examples from musculoskeletal research. Factors that can influence the magnitude of kappa (prevalence, bias, and non-independent ratings) are discussed, and ways of evaluating the magnitude of an obtained kappa are considered. The issue of statistical testing of kappa is considered, including the use of confidence intervals, and appropriate sample sizes for reliability studies using kappa are tabulated. The article concludes with recommendations for the use and interpretation of kappa.
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            Risk factors for the development of low back pain in adolescence.

            A previous history and earlier onset of low back pain are associated with chronic low back pain in adults, implying that prevention in adolescence may have a positive impact in adulthood. The study objectives were to determine the incidence of low back pain in a cohort of adolescents and to ascertain risk factors. A cohort of 502 high school students in Montreal, Canada, was evaluated during 1995-1996 at three separate times, 6 months apart. The outcome was low back pain occurrence at a frequency of at least once a week in the previous 6 months. Of the 377 adolescents who did not complain of low back pain at the initial evaluation, 65 developed low back pain over the year (cumulative incidence, 17 percent). Risk factors associated with development of low back pain were high growth (odds ratio = 3.09; 95 percent confidence interval (CI): 1.53, 6.01), smoking (odds ratio = 2.20; 95% CI: 1.38, 3.50), tight quadriceps femoris (odds ratio = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.05), tight hamstrings (odds ratio = 1.04; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.06), and working during the school year (odds ratio = 1.33; 95% CI: 1.03, 1.71). Modifying such risk factors as smoking and poor leg flexibility may potentially serve to prevent the development of low back pain in adolescents.
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              • Article: not found

              Reproducibility of histomorphologic diagnoses with special reference to the kappa statistic.

              Systems for classification and grading used in pathology should ideally be biologically meaningful and at least be reproducible from one pathologist to another. A statistical method to evaluate reproducibility (non-chance agreement) for several observers using nominal or ordinal categories has been developed and refined over the past few decades--the kappa statistic. A high level of observed agreement among different pathologists can either signify a high level of reproducibility, if agreement by chance is low, or express a low level of reproducibility, if agreement by chance is almost as high as the observed agreement. Therefore, the observed agreement says nothing in itself, unless it is low. The kappa value, however, indicates how much better the observers are compared to a throw of the dice, and therefore gives the real credit to the agreement which was found. We have developed a user-friendly computer program for calculating inter- and intra-observer agreement of 2 or more observers. By calculating associations between different categories and different observers, the statistic furthermore obtains a function close to the parameter of accuracy. We recommend the use of the above method before a set of nominal or rank scale parameters are used for deciding prognosis and treatment of patients. By submitting a diskette the computer program will be available at no cost.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Paul Pediatr
                Rev Paul Pediatr
                rpp
                Revista Paulista de Pediatria
                Sociedade de Pediatria de São Paulo
                0103-0582
                1984-0462
                12 March 2021
                2021
                : 39
                : e2020018
                Affiliations
                [a ]Universidade de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
                [b ]Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de São Paulo, Boituva, SP, Brazil.
                [c ]Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. E-mail: arrudaga@ 123456yahoo.com.br (G.A. Arruda).

                Conflict of interests

                The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9157-6114
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6211-7069
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1132-4540
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4503-9083
                Article
                0464
                10.1590/1984-0462/2021/39/2020018
                7962521
                33729322
                0339e04c-dca8-4848-b3fe-4157e827df45

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 27 January 2020
                : 31 May 2020
                : 11 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 10, Equations: 0, References: 30
                Categories
                Original Article

                physical fitness,reference standards,health,child,adolescent,aptidão física,padrões de referência,saúde,criança,adolescente

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