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      Recent Developments in Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer: A Narrative Review

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          Abstract

          Background: Colorectal cancer was reported as the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide, in the year 2020. This disease is an important public health problem considering its high incidence and mortality rates. Summary: The molecular events that lead to colorectal cancer include genetic and epigenetic abnormalities. Some of the most important molecular mechanisms involved include the APC/β-catenin pathway, the microsatellite pathway, and the CpG island hypermethylation. Evidence in the literature supports a role for the microbiota in the development of colon carcinogenesis, and specific microbes may contribute to or prevent carcinogenesis. Progress in prevention, screening, and management has improved the overall prognosis of the disease when diagnosed at an early stage; yet metastatic disease continues to have a poor long-term prognosis due to late-stage diagnosis and treatment failure. Biomarkers are a key tool for early detection and prognosis and aim to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with colorectal cancer. The main focus of this narrative review is to provide an update on the recent development of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in stool, blood, and tumor tissue samples. Key Messages: The review focuses on recent investigations in microRNAs, cadherins, Piwi-interacting RNAs, circulating cell-free DNA, and microbiome biomarkers which can be applied for the diagnosis and prognosis of colorectal cancer.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          OCL
          Oncology
          10.1159/issn.0030-2414
          Oncology
          Oncology
          S. Karger AG
          0030-2414
          1423-0232
          2023
          October 2023
          26 June 2023
          : 101
          : 10
          : 675-684
          Affiliations
          Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
          Author information
          https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6167-4023
          Article
          531474 Oncology 2023;101:675–683
          10.1159/000531474
          37364542
          03442f76-68f6-4c45-9f24-acb24cc761f1
          © 2023 S. Karger AG, Basel

          Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.

          History
          : 26 January 2023
          : 02 June 2023
          Page count
          Figures: 1, Tables: 1, Pages: 9
          Funding
          The current research was not supported by any funding.
          Categories
          Review

          Medicine
          Prognostic markers,Colorectal cancer,Pathophysiology,Diagnostic markers,MicroRNAs
          Medicine
          Prognostic markers, Colorectal cancer, Pathophysiology, Diagnostic markers, MicroRNAs

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