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      Genetic diversity and population structure of Brycon nattereri (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a Neotropical fish under threat of extinction

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Brycon nattereri is an endangered Neotropical fish reported along conserved stretches of the upper Paraná, Tocantins and São Francisco rivers. Populations of this species have been very rare in some Paraná River sub basins. This study analyzes the genetic diversity and population structure of B. nattereri in a restricted area of occurrence recently identified in upper Paraná River basin. Seven microsatellite loci and 497 bp of D-Loop mitochondrial region were examined in 92 individuals from four points along the area of occurrence. Both molecular markers indicated a single population distributed along a stretch of the river approximately 80 km long. Although some of the data suggest an ancient bottleneck, current levels of genetic diversity (H E = 0.574 and h = 0.616) were similar to those of other species of the genus Brycon. The results suggest that the population of B. nattereri has been able to maintain satisfactory levels of genetic diversity, in spite of the small area of occurrence. These data have highlighted an important conservation area and action may prove essential to improve the quality of the environment, and especially the water and riparian plant life, if the area is to be managed and conserved efficiently.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMO Brycon nattereri é um peixe Neotropical ameaçado de extinção reportado para trechos conservados dos rios Paraná, Tocantins e São Francisco. Populações desta espécie têm sido muito raras em algumas sub-bacias do rio Paraná. Este estudo analisou a diversidade genética e a estrutura populacional de B. nattereri em uma área de ocorrência restrita recentemente identificada na bacia do alto rio Paraná. Sete locos microssatélites e 497 pb da região mitocondrial D-Loop foram examinados para 92 indivíduos de quatro pontos ao longo da área de ocorrência. Ambos os marcadores moleculares indicaram uma única população distribuída em um trecho de aproximadamente 80 km do rio. Embora alguns dados tenham sugerido um antigo gargalo genético, os atuais níveis de diversidade genética (H E = 0,574, h = 0,616) foram similares aos de outras espécies do gênero Brycon. Estes resultados sugerem que a população de B. nattereri tem mantido níveis satisfatórios de diversidade genética, apesar da pequena área de ocorrência. Estes dados destacaram uma importante área de conservação e ações podem melhorar a qualidade do ambiente, especialmente para a vida aquática e mata ciliar, se a área for eficientemente manejada e conservada.

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            Pairwise comparisons of mitochondrial DNA sequences in stable and exponentially growing populations.

            We consider the distribution of pairwise sequence differences of mitochondrial DNA or of other nonrecombining portions of the genome in a population that has been of constant size and in a population that has been growing in size exponentially for a long time. We show that, in a population of constant size, the sample distribution of pairwise differences will typically deviate substantially from the geometric distribution expected, because the history of coalescent events in a single sample of genes imposes a substantial correlation on pairwise differences. Consequently, a goodness-of-fit test of observed pairwise differences to the geometric distribution, which assumes that each pairwise comparison is independent, is not a valid test of the hypothesis that the genes were sampled from a panmictic population of constant size. In an exponentially growing population in which the product of the current population size and the growth rate is substantially larger than one, our analytical and simulation results show that most coalescent events occur relatively early and in a restricted range of times. Hence, the "gene tree" will be nearly a "star phylogeny" and the distribution of pairwise differences will be nearly a Poisson distribution. In that case, it is possible to estimate r, the population growth rate, if the mutation rate, mu, and current population size, N0, are assumed known. The estimate of r is the solution to ri/mu = ln(N0r) - gamma, where i is the average pairwise difference and gamma approximately 0.577 is Euler's constant.
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              Monophyletic origin of Lake Victoria cichlid fishes suggested by mitochondrial DNA sequences.

              Lake Victoria, together with its satellite lakes, harbours roughly 200 endemic forms of cichlid fishes that are classified as 'haplochromines' and yet the lake system is less than a million years old. This 'flock' has attracted attention because of the possibility that it evolved within the lake from one ancestral species and that biologists are thus presented with a case of explosive evolution. Within the past decade, however, morphology has increasingly emphasized the view that the flock may be polyphyletic. We sequenced up to 803 base pairs of mitochondrial DNA from 14 representative Victorian species and 23 additional African species. The flock seems to be monophyletic, and is more akin to that from Lake Malawi than to species from Lake Tanganyika; in addition, it contains less genetic variation than does the human species, and there is virtually no sharing of mitochondrial DNA types among species. These results confirm that the founding event was recent.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                ni
                Neotropical Ichthyology
                Neotrop. ichthyol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia (Maringá, PR, Brazil )
                1679-6225
                1982-0224
                April 2019
                : 17
                : 1
                : e180071
                Affiliations
                [3] Maringá Paraná orgnameUniversidade Estadual de Maringá orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais Brazil renatarubia.ota@ 123456gmail.com
                [2] Londrina Paraná orgnameUniversidade Estadual de Londrina orgdiv1Departamento de Biologia Geral orgdiv2Laboratório de Genética e Ecologia Animal Brazil carolapolinario07@ 123456gmail.com
                [4] Presidente Medici Rondônia orgnameUniversidade Federal de Rondônia orgdiv1Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca orgdiv2Laboratório de Ictiologia da Amazônia Ocidental Brazil ohara@ 123456unir.br
                [1] Cornélio Procópio PR orgnameUniversidade Estadual do Norte Paraná orgdiv1Laboratório de Genética e Conservação Brazil bruno@ 123456uenp.edu.br
                Article
                S1679-62252019000100208
                10.1590/1982-0224-20180071
                0383f0b8-3f3b-4d8c-87f9-bb9599a1aeb5

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 29 May 2018
                : 23 January 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 72, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Original Article

                Conservation,Endangered species,Molecular markers,Population genetics,Pirapitinga,Conservação,Espécies ameaçada,Genética de populações,Marcadores moleculares

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