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      A pilot study of a group mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral intervention for smartphone addiction among university students

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          Abstract

          Background and aims

          Mindfulness-based intervention (MBI) has been applied in behavioral addiction studies in recent years. However, few empirical studies using MBI have been conducted for smartphone addiction, which is prevalent among Chinese university students. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a group mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral intervention (GMCI) on smartphone addiction in a sample of Chinese university students.

          Methods

          Students with smartphone addiction were divided into a control group ( n = 29) and an intervention group ( n = 41). The students in the intervention group received an 8-week GMCI. Smartphone addiction was evaluated using scores from the Mobile Phone Internet Addiction Scale (MPIAS) and self-reported smartphone use time, which were measured at the baseline (1st week, T1), post-intervention (8th week, T2), the first follow-up (14th week, T3), and the second follow-up (20th week, T4).

          Results

          Twenty-seven students in each group completed the intervention and the follow-up. Smartphone use time and MPIAS scores significantly decreased from T1 to T3 in the intervention group. Compared with the control group, the intervention group had significantly less smartphone use time at T2, T3, and T4 and significantly lower MPIAS scores at T3.

          Discussion and conclusion

          This pilot study demonstrated that the GMCI could significantly alleviate smartphone addiction among university students.

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          Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people in Switzerland

          Severin Haug, Raquel Paz Castro, Min Kwon … (2015)
          Smartphone addiction, its association with smartphone use, and its predictors have not yet been studied in a European sample. This study investigated indicators of smartphone use, smartphone addiction, and their associations with demographic and health behaviour-related variables in young people. A convenience sample of 1,519 students from 127 Swiss vocational school classes participated in a survey assessing demographic and health-related characteristics as well as indicators of smartphone use and addiction. Smartphone addiction was assessed using a short version of the Smartphone Addiction Scale for Adolescents (SAS-SV). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate demographic and health-related predictors of smartphone addiction. Smartphone addiction occurred in 256 (16.9%) of the 1,519 students. Longer duration of smartphone use on a typical day, a shorter time period until first smartphone use in the morning, and reporting that social networking was the most personally relevant smartphone function were associated with smartphone addiction. Smartphone addiction was more prevalent in younger adolescents (15–16 years) compared with young adults (19 years and older), students with both parents born outside Switzerland, persons reporting lower physical activity, and those reporting higher stress. Alcohol and tobacco consumption were unrelated to smartphone addiction. Different indicators of smartphone use are associated with smartphone addiction and subgroups of young people have a higher prevalence of smartphone addiction. The study provides the first insights into smartphone use, smartphone addiction, and predictors of smartphone addiction in young people from a European country, which should be extended in further studies.
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            Prevalence and correlates of problematic smartphone use in a large random sample of Chinese undergraduates

            Jiang Long, Tie-Qiao Liu, Yan-Hui Liao … (2016)
            Background Smartphones are becoming a daily necessity for most undergraduates in Mainland China. Because the present scenario of problematic smartphone use (PSU) is largely unexplored, in the current study we aimed to estimate the prevalence of PSU and to screen suitable predictors for PSU among Chinese undergraduates in the framework of the stress-coping theory. Methods A sample of 1062 undergraduate smartphone users was recruited by means of the stratified cluster random sampling strategy between April and May 2015. The Problematic Cellular Phone Use Questionnaire was used to identify PSU. We evaluated five candidate risk factors for PSU by using logistic regression analysis while controlling for demographic characteristics and specific features of smartphone use. Results The prevalence of PSU among Chinese undergraduates was estimated to be 21.3%. The risk factors for PSU were majoring in the humanities, high monthly income from the family (≥1500 RMB), serious emotional symptoms, high perceived stress, and perfectionism-related factors (high doubts about actions, high parental expectations). Conclusions PSU among undergraduates appears to be ubiquitous and thus constitutes a public health issue in Mainland China. Although further longitudinal studies are required to test whether PSU is a transient phenomenon or a chronic and progressive condition, our study successfully identified socio-demographic and psychological risk factors for PSU. These results, obtained from a random and thus representative sample of undergraduates, opens up new avenues in terms of prevention and regulation policies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1083-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              Prevalence of problematic mobile phone use in British adolescents.

              Olatz Lopez Fernandez, Luisa Honrubia-Serrano, Montserrat Freixa-Blanxart … (2014)
              The problematic use of mobile phones among adolescents has not been widely studied. There are very few instruments for assessing potential technological addiction to mobile phones, or for categorizing different types of users or uses. The most widely used scale is the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS), which is used to study adult populations, and has been applied in various forms in international contexts. The aims of this study were to adapt the Spanish version of this scale (MPPUSA) to British adolescents, and then to estimate the prevalence of possible problematic users. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 1,529 secondary school pupils aged between 11 and 18 years, with 1,026 completed questionnaires being collected. The analysis showed that the factor and construct validity and reliability were comparable to those obtained in previous studies. The prevalence of problematic users among the students was 10%, and the typical problematic user tended to be an adolescent between 11 and 14 years old, studying in a public school, who considered themselves to be an expert user of this technology, who made extensive use of his/her mobile phone, and who attributed the same problem of use among their peers. These users presented notable scores in all the symptoms covered by the scale used to assess problematic use. In conclusion, the adaptation of the MPPUSA as a screening scale for British adolescents presents good sensitivity and specificity for detecting the main addictive symptoms proposed in this validated version.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (pmc): jba
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JBA
                Title: Journal of Behavioral Addictions
                Abbreviated Title: J Behav Addict
                Publisher: Akadémiai Kiadó (Budapest )
                ISSN (Print): 2062-5871
                ISSN (Electronic): 2063-5303
                Publication date (Electronic, epub): 12 November 2018
                Publication date (Print, ppub): December 2018
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 1171-1176
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
                [ 2 ]Institute of Psychological Health Education, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
                [ 3 ]Health Communication Institute, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
                [ 4 ]The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
                [ 5 ]Fudan-Pudong Preventive Medicine Institute, Fudan University , Shanghai, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: Jiang Li; Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Yixueyuan Road 138, PO Box 248, Shanghai 200032, China; Phone: +86 15 7215 64581; Fax: +86 21 5423 7509; E-mail: Lijiang_fd@ 123456fudan.edu.cn
                Article
                DOI: 10.1556/2006.7.2018.103
                PMC ID: 6376383
                PubMed ID: 30418075
                SO-VID: 038b6a5e-080b-4b2d-ac77-7eab541a3360
                Copyright © © 2018 The Author(s)
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author and source are credited, a link to the CC License is provided, and changes – if any – are indicated.

                History
                Date received : 26 May 2018
                Date revision received : 21 August 2018
                Date: 08 September 2018
                Date accepted : 09 September 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 6
                Funding
                Funding sources: This study was supported by a grant from the construction of the key disciplines of the fourth round of the public health 3-year action plan of the Shanghai Health and Family Planning Commission under award number 15GWZK1001.
                Categories
                Subject: BRIEF REPORT

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Evolutionary Biology,Medicine,Psychology,Educational research & Statistics,Social & Behavioral Sciences
                Keywords: cognitive-behavioral therapy,university students,smartphone addiction,group intervention,mindfulness-based intervention
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Evolutionary Biology, Medicine, Psychology, Educational research & Statistics, Social & Behavioral Sciences
                Keywords: cognitive-behavioral therapy, university students, smartphone addiction, group intervention, mindfulness-based intervention

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