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      Effect of 52 % low-sodium salt applied to CM-DASH diet on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risks in patients with hypertension and type-2 diabetes Translated title: Efecto de un 52 % de sal baja en sodio en la dieta CM-DASH sobre el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica en pacientes con hipertensión arterial y diabetes de tipo 2

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          Abstract

          Abstract Introduction: hypertension and diabetes are chronic disorders associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Objectives: to evaluate the effect of 52 % low-sodium salt applied to the Chinese-modified DASH (CM-DASH) diet on risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) in patients with hypertension and type-2 diabetes. Methods: the low-sodium salt group (LSSG) took 5 g/day of 52 % low-sodium salt plus CM-DASH diet for 8 weeks, while the normal-sodium salt group (NSSG) took the same dose of normal-sodium salt plus CM-DASH diet for 8 weeks. Blood tests, 24-hour urine tests, anthropometric measurements, and 10-year risk of ASCVD prediction were assessed. Results: compared with baseline, both LSSG and NSSG showed a significant reduction in 10-year risk of ASCVD, but we did not find any statistically significant differences in 10-year risk of ASCVD between LSSG and NSSG. Conclusions: our study shows that salt limits and DASH diets reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease whereas low-sodium salt containing 52 % sodium chloride did not significantly lower the risk of cardiovascular disease when compared to regular salt. Due to the limitations of the research, additional studies will be necessary to confirm our findings.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Introducción: la hipertensión y la diabetes son trastornos crónicos asociados a un mayor riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular. Objetivos: evaluar el efecto de la sal baja en sodio (52 %) aplicada a la dieta DASH modificada en China (CM-DASH) sobre los riesgos de enfermedad cardiovascular aterosclerótica (ECA) en pacientes con hipertensión arterial y diabetes de tipo 2. Métodos: el grupo de sal baja en sodio (LSSG) tomó 5 g/día de sal baja en sodio al 52 % más dieta CM-DASH durante 8 semanas, mientras que el grupo de sal normal en sodio (NSSG) tomó la misma dosis de sal normal en sodio más dieta CM-DASH durante 8 semanas. Se evaluaron los análisis de sangre, los análisis de orina de 24 horas, las mediciones antropométricas y los riesgos de predicción de ECVA a 10 años. Resultados: en comparación con el valor basal, tanto el LSSG como el NSSG mostraron una reducción significativa de los riesgos a 10 años de ECVA, mientras que no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los riesgos a 10 años de ECVA entre el LSSG y el NSSG. Conclusiones: nuestro estudio muestra que los límites de sal y las dietas DASH reducen el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular mientras que la sal baja en sodio con un 52 % de cloruro sódico no redujo significativamente el riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en comparación con la sal normal. Debido a las limitaciones de la investigación, serán necesarios estudios adicionales para confirmar nuestros hallazgos

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          Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality—a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies

          Abstract Background: Questions remain about the strength and shape of the dose-response relationship between fruit and vegetable intake and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and mortality, and the effects of specific types of fruit and vegetables. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify these associations. Methods: PubMed and Embase were searched up to 29 September 2016. Prospective studies of fruit and vegetable intake and cardiovascular disease, total cancer and all-cause mortality were included. Summary relative risks (RRs) were calculated using a random effects model, and the mortality burden globally was estimated; 95 studies (142 publications) were included. Results: For fruits and vegetables combined, the summary RR per 200 g/day was 0.92 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.90–0.94, I2 = 0%, n = 15] for coronary heart disease, 0.84 (95% CI: 0.76–0.92, I2 = 73%, n = 10) for stroke, 0.92 (95% CI: 0.90–0.95, I2 = 31%, n = 13) for cardiovascular disease, 0.97 (95% CI: 0.95–0.99, I2 = 49%, n = 12) for total cancer and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.87–0.93, I2 = 83%, n = 15) for all-cause mortality. Similar associations were observed for fruits and vegetables separately. Reductions in risk were observed up to 800 g/day for all outcomes except cancer (600 g/day). Inverse associations were observed between the intake of apples and pears, citrus fruits, green leafy vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, and salads and cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality, and between the intake of green-yellow vegetables and cruciferous vegetables and total cancer risk. An estimated 5.6 and 7.8 million premature deaths worldwide in 2013 may be attributable to a fruit and vegetable intake below 500 and 800 g/day, respectively, if the observed associations are causal. Conclusions: Fruit and vegetable intakes were associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and all-cause mortality. These results support public health recommendations to increase fruit and vegetable intake for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and premature mortality.
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            Prevalence and control of diabetes in Chinese adults.

            Noncommunicable chronic diseases have become the leading causes of mortality and disease burden worldwide. To investigate the prevalence of diabetes and glycemic control in the Chinese adult population. Using a complex, multistage, probability sampling design, we conducted a cross-sectional survey in a nationally representative sample of 98,658 Chinese adults in 2010. Plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels were measured after at least a 10-hour overnight fast among all study participants, and a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test was conducted among participants without a self-reported history of diagnosed diabetes. Diabetes and prediabetes were defined according to the 2010 American Diabetes Association criteria; whereas, a hemoglobin A1c level of <7.0% was considered adequate glycemic control. The overall prevalence of diabetes was estimated to be 11.6% (95% CI, 11.3%-11.8%) in the Chinese adult population. The prevalence among men was 12.1% (95% CI, 11.7%-12.5%) and among women was 11.0% (95% CI, 10.7%-11.4%). The prevalence of previously diagnosed diabetes was estimated to be 3.5% (95% CI, 3.4%-3.6%) in the Chinese population: 3.6% (95% CI, 3.4%-3.8%) in men and 3.4% (95% CI, 3.2%-3.5%) in women. The prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes was 8.1% (95% CI, 7.9%-8.3%) in the Chinese population: 8.5% (95% CI, 8.2%-8.8%) in men and 7.7% (95% CI, 7.4%-8.0%) in women. In addition, the prevalence of prediabetes was estimated to be 50.1% (95% CI, 49.7%-50.6%) in Chinese adults: 52.1% (95% CI, 51.5%-52.7%) in men and 48.1% (95% CI, 47.6%-48.7%) in women. The prevalence of diabetes was higher in older age groups, in urban residents, and in persons living in economically developed regions. Among patients with diabetes, only 25.8% (95% CI, 24.9%-26.8%) received treatment for diabetes, and only 39.7% (95% CI, 37.6%-41.8%) of those treated had adequate glycemic control. The estimated prevalence of diabetes among a representative sample of Chinese adults was 11.6% and the prevalence of prediabetes was 50.1%. Projections based on sample weighting suggest this may represent up to 113.9 million Chinese adults with diabetes and 493.4 million with prediabetes. These findings indicate the importance of diabetes as a public health problem in China.
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              Predicting the 10-Year Risks of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Chinese Population: The China-PAR Project (Prediction for ASCVD Risk in China).

              The accurate assessment of individual risk can be of great value to guiding and facilitating the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, prediction models in common use were formulated primarily in white populations. The China-PAR project (Prediction for ASCVD Risk in China) is aimed at developing and validating 10-year risk prediction equations for ASCVD from 4 contemporary Chinese cohorts.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                August 2022
                : 39
                : 4
                : 778-785
                Affiliations
                [2] Chongqing Chongqing orgnameChongqing University orgdiv1Second Affiliated Hospital orgdiv2Health Management Center China
                [3] Chongqing orgnameChongqing Nan'an District People's Hospital People's Republic of China
                [1] Chongqing Chongqing orgnameChongqing University orgdiv1Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health orgdiv2Research Center for Medicine and Social Development China
                Article
                S0212-16112022000600010 S0212-1611(22)03900400010
                10.20960/nh.04081
                038bc4e3-39f8-41fd-a9c8-d214478a76da

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 05 May 2022
                : 13 February 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Papers

                Cumplimiento de la dieta,Riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular,Sal baja en sodio,Dieta DASH,Diabetes de tipo 2,Hipertensión arterial,Diet compliance,Risk of cardiovascular disease,Low-sodium salt,DASH diet,Type-2 diabetes,Hypertension

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