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      Influence of body mass index on severity of dental caries: cross-sectional study in healthy adults

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          Abstract

          BACKGROUND

          The relationship between body mass index (BMI) and dental caries is still undetermined.

          OBJECTIVE

          This study aimed to assess the relationship between the dental status by decayed, missed, filled teeth index (DMFT), and BMI by age and gender among healthy adults.

          DESIGN

          Analytical, cross-sectional study.

          SETTINGS

          University dental hospital in Riyadh.

          SUBJECTS AND METHODS

          Healthy adults aged between 18 and 35 years were recruited during the 10-month period from March 2015 to December 2015. Dental caries severity was estimated using the DMFT index.

          MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE

          The prevalence of overweight/obesity and the association of BMI category with the DMFT index.

          RESULTS

          The mean age of 502 subjects was 24.3 (4.9) years. The caries severity of the study population was considered moderate according to the WHO caries severity scale (mean [standard deviation] DMFT 13.3 [3.8]). The mean (SD) DMFT of male and female subjects was 13.1 (4.0) and 13.36 (3.7), respectively. No significant association was seen between dental caries and BMI. Logistic regression analysis showed that males had two times more risk of developing dental caries compared to females. In addition, the risk of caries development was increased by about 5 times for every year of age.

          CONCLUSION

          Dental caries was not associated with BMI but age significantly influenced the DMFT index and gender was associated with more missing teeth. Further longitudinal studies with larger cohorts from several geographic regions are warranted.

          LIMITATION

          Convenience sampling and recruitment from a single dental center may have some impact on the generalization of data.

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          Most cited references16

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          Association between obesity, flow rate of whole saliva, and dental caries in adolescents.

          In a cross-sectional study design, we test the hypothesis whether childhood obesity is associated with reduced flow rate of stimulated whole saliva and dental caries. Obese adolescents (n = 65) with a mean age of 14.5 years and normal weight subjects (n = 65) with a mean age of 14.2 years were clinically examined with respect to dental caries, visible plaque accumulation (visible plaque index (VPI%)), gingival inflammation in terms of bleeding on probing (BOP%) as well as answered a questionnaire concerning medical history, medication, oral hygiene habits, smoking habits, and sociodemographic background. The flow rate of stimulated whole saliva (ml/min) was determined. BMI was calculated and adjusted for age and gender (BMI-sds). The obese subjects exhibited higher number of decayed surfaces (DS), 0.7 vs. 0.1 (P = 0.008) and lower flow rate of stimulated whole saliva 1.2 vs. 2.0 ml/min (P 25 and 21 had BOP% >25, both compared to only 5 subjects of the normal weight with P values of 0.005 and 0) (P = 0.002; OR 1.31) and the associations were not found to be confounded by any of the studied variables. The results indicate that childhood obesity is associated with reduced flow rate of stimulated whole saliva and dental caries and further strengthens obesity's negative effect on children's oral health.
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            Risk indicators for tooth loss due to periodontal disease.

            Several risk indicators for periodontal disease severity have been identified. The association of these factors with tooth loss for periodontal reasons was investigated in this cross-sectional comparative study. All extractions performed in 21 general dental practice clinics (25% of such clinics in Kuwait) over a 30-day period were recorded. Documented information included patient age and gender, medical history findings, dental maintenance history, toothbrushing frequency, types and numbers of extracted teeth, and the reason for the extraction. Reasons were divided into periodontal disease versus other reasons in univariate and binary logistic regression analyses. A total of 1,775 patients had 3,694 teeth extracted. More teeth per patient were lost due to periodontal disease than for other reasons (2.8 +/- 0.2 versus 1.8 +/- 0.1; P 35 years (odds ratio [OR] 3.45; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.79 to 4.26), male gender (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.17 to 1.73), never having periodontal maintenance (OR 1.48; 95% CI 1.23 to 1.78), never using a toothbrush (OR 1.81; 95% CI 1.49 to 2.20), current or past smoking (OR 1.56; 95% CI 1.28 to 1.91), anterior tooth type (OR 3.23; 95% CI 2.57 to 4.05), and the presence of either of the following medical conditions: diabetes mellitus (OR 2.64; 95% CI 2.19 to 3.18), hypertension (OR 1.73; 95% CI 1.41 to 2.13), or rheumatoid arthritis (OR 4.19; 95% CI 2.17 to 8.11). Tooth loss due to periodontal disease is associated with the risk indicators of age, male gender, smoking, lack of professional maintenance, inadequate oral hygiene, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, and anterior tooth type.
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              Obesity and dental caries--A systematic review.

              The purpose of this paper was to undertake a systematic review about the relationship between obesity in childhood, adolescence and/or adulthood and the prevalence of dental caries. The authors searched Bireme, Medline, ISI, Cochrane Library and the internet for papers from 1984-2004. The main search terms were 'obesity' and 'dental caries'. The inclusion criteria were studies that defined obesity (body mass index) and dental caries (total number of decayed, and filled teeth - DFT/DFS/dft/dfs) in their subjects. The following were excluded from this paper: articles on reviews, dietary guidelines, policy statements, papers related to oral health and nutrition deficiency--underweight, and with no relation between obesity and dental caries prevalence or dental health problems. No systematic review has focused on correlating obesity and caries and only three stud ies had high levels of evidence. Only one study with high level of evidence showed direct association between obesity and dental caries. In view of the findings, further well-designed randomised studies are needed to demonstrate the relationship between dental caries and obesity.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Ann Saudi Med
                Ann Saudi Med
                Annals of Saudi Medicine
                King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre
                0256-4947
                0975-4466
                Nov-Dec 2017
                : 37
                : 6
                : 444-448
                Affiliations
                [a ]Private dental practice, Manama, Bahrain
                [b ]School of Dentistry, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
                [c ]School of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
                [d ]UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Australia
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Dr. Omar Kujan UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, 17 Monash Avenue, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia T: +61 8 6457 7649 omar.kujan@ 123456uwa.edu.au ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5951-8280
                Article
                asm-6-444
                10.5144/0256-4947.2017.444
                6074122
                29229892
                03976b10-64c4-42d5-8c07-8e4c66cb9d66
                Copyright © 2017, Annals of Saudi Medicine

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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                Medicine
                Medicine

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