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      Assessment of the Health Impacts of Climate Change in Kiribati

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          Abstract

          Kiribati—a low-lying, resource-poor Pacific atoll nation—is one of the most vulnerable countries in the World to the impacts of climate change, including the likely detrimental effects on human health. We describe the preparation of a climate change and health adaptation plan for Kiribati carried out by the World Health Organization and the Kiribati Ministry of Health and Medical Services, including an assessment of risks to health, sources of vulnerability and suggestions for highest priority adaptation responses. This paper identifies advantages and disadvantages in the process that was followed, lays out a future direction of climate change and health adaptation work in Kiribati, and proposes lessons that may be applicable to other small, developing island nations as they prepare for and adapt to the impacts of climate change on health.

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          Impact of regional climate change on human health.

          Jonathan A. Patz, Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum, Tracey Holloway … (2005)
          The World Health Organisation estimates that the warming and precipitation trends due to anthropogenic climate change of the past 30 years already claim over 150,000 lives annually. Many prevalent human diseases are linked to climate fluctuations, from cardiovascular mortality and respiratory illnesses due to heatwaves, to altered transmission of infectious diseases and malnutrition from crop failures. Uncertainty remains in attributing the expansion or resurgence of diseases to climate change, owing to lack of long-term, high-quality data sets as well as the large influence of socio-economic factors and changes in immunity and drug resistance. Here we review the growing evidence that climate-health relationships pose increasing health risks under future projections of climate change and that the warming trend over recent decades has already contributed to increased morbidity and mortality in many regions of the world. Potentially vulnerable regions include the temperate latitudes, which are projected to warm disproportionately, the regions around the Pacific and Indian oceans that are currently subjected to large rainfall variability due to the El Niño/Southern Oscillation sub-Saharan Africa and sprawling cities where the urban heat island effect could intensify extreme climatic events.
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            Potential effect of population and climate changes on global distribution of dengue fever: an empirical model.

            Simon Hales, Neil de Wet, John Maindonald … (2002)
            Existing theoretical models of the potential effects of climate change on vector-borne diseases do not account for social factors such as population increase, or interactions between climate variables. Our aim was to investigate the potential effects of global climate change on human health, and in particular, on the transmission of vector-borne diseases. We modelled the reported global distribution of dengue fever on the basis of vapour pressure, which is a measure of humidity. We assessed changes in the geographical limits of dengue fever transmission, and in the number of people at risk of dengue by incorporating future climate change and human population projections into our model. We showed that the current geographical limits of dengue fever transmission can be modelled with 89% accuracy on the basis of long-term average vapour pressure. In 1990, almost 30% of the world population, 1.5 billion people, lived in regions where the estimated risk of dengue transmission was greater than 50%. With population and climate change projections for 2085, we estimate that about 5-6 billion people (50-60% of the projected global population) would be at risk of dengue transmission, compared with 3.5 billion people, or 35% of the population, if climate change did not happen. We conclude that climate change is likely to increase the area of land with a climate suitable for dengue fever transmission, and that if no other contributing factors were to change, a large proportion of the human population would then be put at risk.
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              Climate change and human health: impacts, vulnerability and public health.

              A. Haines, R.S. Kovats, D. Campbell-Lendrum … (2006)
              It is now widely accepted that climate change is occurring as a result of the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere arising from the combustion of fossil fuels. Climate change may affect health through a range of pathways, for example as a result of increased frequency and intensity of heat waves, reduction in cold related deaths, increased floods and droughts, changes in the distribution of vector-borne diseases and effects on the risk of disasters and malnutrition. The overall balance of effects on health is likely to be negative and populations in low-income countries are likely to be particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects. The experience of the 2003 heat wave in Europe shows that high-income countries may also be adversely affected. Adaptation to climate change requires public health strategies and improved surveillance. Mitigation of climate change by reducing the use of fossil fuels and increasing a number of uses of the renewable energy technologies should improve health in the near-term by reducing exposure to air pollution.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijerph
                Title: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Print): 1661-7827
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-4601
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 May 2014
                Publication date (Print): May 2014
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 5224-5240
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
                [2 ]Division of Pacific Technical Support, World Health Organization, Suva, Fiji; E-Mail: iddingss@ 123456wpro.who.int
                [3 ]School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; E-Mail: a.woodward@ 123456auckland.ac.nz
                [4 ]Ministry of Health and Medical Services, Bikenibau, Republic of Kiribati; E-Mails: senyda@ 123456gmail.com (S.D.); tnoran@ 123456gmail.com (T.T.)
                Author notes
                [* ] Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: lachlan.mciver@ 123456gmail.com ; Tel./Fax: +61-3-9421-6754.
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijerph-11-05224
                DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110505224
                PMC ID: 4053873
                PubMed ID: 24830452
                SO-VID: 03c4cf57-58c4-488c-b582-aebc2f2cd86a
                Copyright © © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 14 February 2014
                Date revision received : 05 May 2014
                Date accepted : 05 May 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: climate change,health,adaptation,small island state
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: climate change, health, adaptation, small island state

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