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      International Society of Paediatric Surgical Oncology (IPSO) Surgical Practice Guidelines

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          Abstract

          Most children with tumors will require one or more surgical interventions as part of the care and treatment, including making a diagnosis, obtaining adequate venous access, performing a surgical resection for solid tumors (with staging and reconstruction), performing procedures for cancer prevention and its late effects, and managing complications of treatment; all with the goal of improving survival and quality of life. It is important for surgeons to adhere to sound pediatric surgical oncology principles, as they are closely associated with improved local control and survival. Unfortunately, there is a significant disparity in survival rates in low and middle income countries, when compared to those from high income countries.

          The International Society of Paediatric Surgical Oncology (IPSO) is the leading organization that deals with pediatric surgical oncology worldwide. This organization allows experts in the field from around the globe to gather and address the surgical needs of children with cancer. IPSO has been invited to contribute surgical guidance as part of the World Health Organization Initiative for Childhood Cancer. One of our goals is to provide surgical guidance for different scenarios, including those experienced in High- (HICs) and Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). With this in mind, the following guidelines have been developed by authors from both HICs and LMICs. These have been further validated by experts with the aim of providing evidence-based information for surgeons who care for children with cancer.

          We hope that this initiative will benefit children worldwide in the best way possible.

          Simone Abib, IPSO President

          Justin T Gerstle, IPSO Education Committee Chair

          Chan Hon Chui, IPSO Secretary

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          Most cited references1,056

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          Cancer Statistics, 2021

          Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population-based cancer occurrence. Incidence data (through 2017) were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data (through 2018) were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2021, 1,898,160 new cancer cases and 608,570 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. After increasing for most of the 20th century, the cancer death rate has fallen continuously from its peak in 1991 through 2018, for a total decline of 31%, because of reductions in smoking and improvements in early detection and treatment. This translates to 3.2 million fewer cancer deaths than would have occurred if peak rates had persisted. Long-term declines in mortality for the 4 leading cancers have halted for prostate cancer and slowed for breast and colorectal cancers, but accelerated for lung cancer, which accounted for almost one-half of the total mortality decline from 2014 to 2018. The pace of the annual decline in lung cancer mortality doubled from 3.1% during 2009 through 2013 to 5.5% during 2014 through 2018 in men, from 1.8% to 4.4% in women, and from 2.4% to 5% overall. This trend coincides with steady declines in incidence (2.2%-2.3%) but rapid gains in survival specifically for nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). For example, NSCLC 2-year relative survival increased from 34% for persons diagnosed during 2009 through 2010 to 42% during 2015 through 2016, including absolute increases of 5% to 6% for every stage of diagnosis; survival for small cell lung cancer remained at 14% to 15%. Improved treatment accelerated progress against lung cancer and drove a record drop in overall cancer mortality, despite slowing momentum for other common cancers.
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            The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) classification system: an INRG Task Force report.

            Because current approaches to risk classification and treatment stratification for children with neuroblastoma (NB) vary greatly throughout the world, it is difficult to directly compare risk-based clinical trials. The International Neuroblastoma Risk Group (INRG) classification system was developed to establish a consensus approach for pretreatment risk stratification. The statistical and clinical significance of 13 potential prognostic factors were analyzed in a cohort of 8,800 children diagnosed with NB between 1990 and 2002 from North America and Australia (Children's Oncology Group), Europe (International Society of Pediatric Oncology Europe Neuroblastoma Group and German Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Group), and Japan. Survival tree regression analyses using event-free survival (EFS) as the primary end point were performed to test the prognostic significance of the 13 factors. Stage, age, histologic category, grade of tumor differentiation, the status of the MYCN oncogene, chromosome 11q status, and DNA ploidy were the most highly statistically significant and clinically relevant factors. A new staging system (INRG Staging System) based on clinical criteria and tumor imaging was developed for the INRG Classification System. The optimal age cutoff was determined to be between 15 and 19 months, and 18 months was selected for the classification system. Sixteen pretreatment groups were defined on the basis of clinical criteria and statistically significantly different EFS of the cohort stratified by the INRG criteria. Patients with 5-year EFS more than 85%, more than 75% to or = 50% to < or = 75%, or less than 50% were classified as very low risk, low risk, intermediate risk, or high risk, respectively. By defining homogenous pretreatment patient cohorts, the INRG classification system will greatly facilitate the comparison of risk-based clinical trials conducted in different regions of the world and the development of international collaborative studies.
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              Pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline.

              The aim was to formulate clinical practice guidelines for pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL).
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Ecancermedicalscience
                Ecancermedicalscience
                ecancermedicalscience
                ecancermedicalscience
                Cancer Intelligence
                1754-6605
                2022
                17 February 2022
                : 16
                : 1356
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Pediatric Oncology Institute, GRAACC, Federal University of São Paulo, Rua Pedro de Toledo, 572 - Vila Clementino, São Paulo, SP 04021-001, Brazil
                [2 ]Surgery Centre for Children, Mount Elizabeth Medical Centre, 3 Mount Elizabeth, 228510, Singapore
                [3 ]Division of Paediatric Surgery, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
                [4 ]Department of Surgery, St Jude Research Hospital 262 Danny Thomas Place. MS133, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
                [5 ]Department of Pediatric Surgery, Virgen del Rocio Children’s Hospital, Av Manuel Siurot S/NN, Sevilla 41013, Spain
                [6 ]Surgical Oncology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Elgiesh Street, 31111, Tanta, Gharbeya, Egypt
                [7 ]Department of Paediatric Surgery, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia
                [8 ]Pediatric Surgery Division, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Andrés Lamas 812, Buenos Aires 1406, Argentina
                [9 ]Department of Surgery, Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Huispostnummer KE 01.129.2, Postbus 85090, Utretcht 3508AB, The Netherlands
                [10 ]Department of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, Tübingen 72076, Germany
                [11 ]Department of Surgery, Howard University Hospital, 1851 9th Street NW, 4th Floor, Washington, DC 20059, USA
                [12 ]Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Simone de Campos Vieira Abib simoneabib@ 123456uol.com.br
                Article
                can-16-1356
                10.3332/ecancer.2022.1356
                9023308
                35510137
                03d69b9b-29ff-46f8-b27d-3656d05c1165
                © the authors; licensee ecancermedicalscience.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 26 June 2021
                Categories
                Policy

                Oncology & Radiotherapy
                paediatric oncology surgery,paediatric cancer,surgery,children
                Oncology & Radiotherapy
                paediatric oncology surgery, paediatric cancer, surgery, children

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