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      Maternal TSH level and TPOAb status in early pregnancy and their relationship to the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus

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          Laboratory medicine practice guidelines. Laboratory support for the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease.

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            Effect of iodine intake on thyroid diseases in China.

            Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones; either low or high intake may lead to thyroid disease. We observed an increase in the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and autoimmune thyroiditis with increasing iodine intake in China in cohorts from three regions with different levels of iodine intake: mildly deficient (median urinary iodine excretion, 84 microg per liter), more than adequate (median, 243 microg per liter), and excessive (median, 651 microg per liter). Participants enrolled in a baseline study in 1999, and during the five-year follow-up through 2004, we examined the effect of regional differences in iodine intake on the incidence of thyroid disease. Of the 3761 unselected subjects who were enrolled at baseline, 3018 (80.2 percent) participated in this follow-up study. Levels of thyroid hormones and thyroid autoantibodies in serum, and iodine in urine, were measured and B-mode ultrasonography of the thyroid was performed at baseline and follow-up. Among subjects with mildly deficient iodine intake, those with more than adequate intake, and those with excessive intake, the cumulative incidence of overt hypothyroidism was 0.2 percent, 0.5 percent, and 0.3 percent, respectively; that of subclinical hypothyroidism, 0.2 percent, 2.6 percent, and 2.9 percent, respectively; and that of autoimmune thyroiditis, 0.2 percent, 1.0 percent, and 1.3 percent, respectively. Among subjects with euthyroidism and antithyroid antibodies at baseline, the five-year incidence of elevated serum thyrotropin levels was greater among those with more than adequate or excessive iodine intake than among those with mildly deficient iodine intake. A baseline serum thyrotropin level of 1.0 to 1.9 mIU per liter was associated with the lowest subsequent incidence of abnormal thyroid function. More than adequate or excessive iodine intake may lead to hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis. Copyright 2006 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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              Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in pregnant and lactating women and in children less than 2-years-old: conclusions and recommendations of the Technical Consultation.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Endocrine
                Endocrine
                Springer Science and Business Media LLC
                1355-008X
                1559-0100
                December 2016
                July 16 2016
                December 2016
                : 54
                : 3
                : 742-750
                Article
                10.1007/s12020-016-1022-6
                27423217
                03e10afd-7a73-494e-a485-10c0febd6db6
                © 2016

                http://www.springer.com/tdm

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