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      Efficacy of a novel topical combination of esafoxolaner, eprinomectin and praziquantel against Amblyomma americanum in cats Translated title: Efficacité d’une nouvelle association topique d’esafoxolaner, d’éprinomectine et de praziquantel contre Amblyomma americanum chez le chat

      research-article
      1 , 2 , 3 , 3 , 4 , 5 , *
      Parasite
      EDP Sciences
      Cat, Esafoxolaner, Tick, Efficacy, Amblyomma americanum

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          Abstract

          Esafoxolaner, a purified enantiomer of afoxolaner with insecticidal and acaricidal properties, is combined with eprinomectin and praziquantel in NexGard ® Combo, a novel topical endectoparasiticide product for cats. The efficacy of this novel formulation was assessed in two experimental studies against induced infestations with Amblyomma americanum, a tick species of major importance, highly prevalent in a large southeastern quarter of the United States. In each study, 10 cats were randomly allocated to a placebo control group and 10 cats to a novel formulation treated group. Infested cats were treated topically once at the minimum recommended dose. Both studies were designed to test curative efficacy on existing infestation, 72 h after treatment, and to test preventive efficacy, 72 h after subsequent weekly (Study #1) or fortnightly (Study #2) infestations for one month. For each infestation, all cats were infested with 50 unfed adult A. americanum. At each tick count, in both studies, at least 8 in 10 placebo control cats were infested with 13 (26%) or more live ticks, demonstrating adequate infestation throughout the studies. Curative efficacy of the novel formulation was 99% in both studies; preventive efficacy was 92% and 100% for at least one month.

          Translated abstract

          L’esafoxolaner, un énantiomère purifié d’afoxolaner aux propriétés insecticides et acaricides, est associé à l’éprinomectine et au praziquantel dans NexGard ® Combo, un nouvel endectoparasiticide topique pour chats. L’efficacité de cette nouvelle formulation a été évaluée dans deux études expérimentales contre les infestations induites par Amblyomma americanum, une espèce de tique d’importance majeure, très répandue dans un grand quart sud-est des États-Unis. Dans chaque étude, dix chats ont été répartis au hasard dans un groupe témoin placebo et dix chats dans un groupe traité par une nouvelle formulation. Les chats infestés ont été traités une fois par voie topique à la dose minimale recommandée. Les deux études ont été conçues pour tester l’efficacité curative sur une infestation existante, 72 heures après le traitement, et pour tester l’efficacité préventive, 72 heures après des infestations hebdomadaires (étude n° 1) ou bimensuelles (étude n° 2) pendant un mois. Pour chaque infestation, tous les chats étaient infestés par 50 A. americanum adultes non nourris. À chaque décompte de tiques, dans les deux études, au moins 8 chats sur 10 du groupe témoin placebo étaient infestés de 13 (26 %) ou plus tiques vivantes, ce qui démontre une infestation adéquate tout au long des études. L’efficacité curative de la nouvelle formulation était de 99 % dans les deux études, l’efficacité préventive était de 92 % et 100 % pendant au moins un mois.

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          The ecology of ticks and epidemiology of tick-borne viral diseases.

          A number of tick-borne diseases of humans have increased in incidence and geographic range over the past few decades, and there is concern that they will pose an even greater threat to public health in future. Although global warming is often cited as the underlying mechanism favoring the spread of tick-borne diseases, climate is just one of many factors that determine which tick species are found in a given geographic region, their population density, the likelihood that they will be infected with microbes pathogenic for humans and the frequency of tick-human contact. This article provides basic information needed for microbiologists to understand the many factors that affect the geographic range and population density of ticks and the risk of human exposure to infected ticks. It first briefly summarizes the life cycle and basic ecology of ticks and how ticks and vertebrate hosts interact, then reviews current understanding of the role of climate, sociodemographic factors, agricultural development and changes in human behavior that affect the incidence of tick-borne diseases. These concepts are then illustrated in specific discussions of tick-borne encephalitis and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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            Pet roundworms and hookworms: A continuing need for global worming

            Ascarids and ancylostomatids are the most important parasites affecting dogs and cats worldwide, in terms of diffusion and risk for animal and human health. Different misconceptions have led the general public and pet owners to minimize the importance of these intestinal worms. A low grade of interest is also registered among veterinary professions, although there is a significant merit in keeping our guard up against these parasites. This article reviews current knowledge of ascarids and ancylostomatids, with a special focus on pathogenicity, epidemiology and control methods in veterinary and human medicine.
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              Biology, treatment, and control of flea and tick infestations.

              Flea and tick infestations are common and elimination can be expensive and time consuming. Many advances in control of fleas can be directly linked to improved knowledge of the intricacies of flea host associations, reproduction, and survival in the premises. Understanding tick biology and ecology is far more difficult than with fleas, because North America can have up to 9 different tick species infesting cats and dogs compared to 1 primary flea species. Effective tick control is more difficult to achieve than effective flea control, because of the abundance of potential alternative hosts in the tick life cycle. Many effective host-targeted tick control agents exist, several of which also possess activity against adult or immature fleas and other parasites.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2021
                02 April 2021
                : 28
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2021/01 )
                : 25
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health, Missouri Research Center 6498 Jade Rd. Fulton MO 65251 USA
                [2 ] Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 1730 Olympic Drive Athens GA 30601 USA
                [3 ] TRS Labs Inc. 215 Paradise Blvd Athens GA 30607-1151 USA
                [4 ] Young Veterinary Research Services 7243 East Avenue Turlock CA 95380-9124 USA
                [5 ] Boehringer-Ingelheim Animal Health 29 avenue Tony Garnier 69007 Lyon France
                Author notes
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4798-3246
                Article
                parasite200074 10.1051/parasite/2021021
                10.1051/parasite/2021021
                8019551
                33812457
                041bce64-6ff8-47d8-a982-698663c59526
                © J. Prullage et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2021

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 18 May 2020
                : 08 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 48, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Research Article
                Special Issue – NexGard ® Combo (esafoxolaner, eprinomectin, praziquantel): A new endectocide spot-on formulation for cats. Invited Editor: Frédéric Beugnet

                cat,esafoxolaner,tick,efficacy,amblyomma americanum
                cat, esafoxolaner, tick, efficacy, amblyomma americanum

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