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      Differential subcellular distribution renders HAI-2 a less effective protease inhibitor than HAI-1 in the control of extracellular matriptase proteolytic activity

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          Abstract

          The integral membrane, Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitors HAI-1 and HAI-2, can suppress the proteolytic activity of the type 2 transmembrane serine protease matriptase with high specificity and potency. High levels of extracellular matriptase proteolytic activity have, however, been observed in some neoplastic B-cells with high levels of endogenous HAI-2, indicating that HAI-2 may be an ineffective matriptase inhibitor at the cellular level. The different effectiveness of the HAIs in the control of extracellular matriptase proteolytic activity is examined here. Upon inducing matriptase zymogen activation in the HAI Teton Daudi Burkitt lymphoma cells, which naturally express matriptase with very low levels of HAI-2 and no HAI-1, nascent active matriptase was rapidly inhibited or shed as an enzymatically active enzyme. With increasing HAI-1 expression, cellular matriptase-HAI-1 complex increased, and extracellular active matriptase decreased proportionally. Increasing HAI-2 expression, however, resulted in cellular matriptase-HAI-2 complex levels reaching a plateau, while extracellular active matriptase remained high. In contrast to this differential effect, both HAI-1 and HAI-2, even at very low levels, were shown to promote the expression and cell-surface translocation of endogenous matriptase. The difference in the suppression of extracellular active matriptase by the two closely related serine protease inhibitors could result from the primarily cell surface expression of HAI-1 compared to the mainly intracellular localization of HAI-2. The HAIs, therefore, resemble one another with respect to promoting matriptase expression and surface translocation but differ in their effectiveness in the control of extracellular matriptase enzymatic activity.

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          Protein inhibitors of proteinases.

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            Live imaging of chronic inflammation caused by mutation of zebrafish Hai1.

            The hallmark of chronic inflammation is the infiltration and persistence of leukocytes within inflamed tissue. Here, we describe the first zebrafish chronic inflammation mutant identified in an insertional mutagenesis screen for mutants that exhibit abnormal tissue distribution of neutrophils. We identified a mutant line with an insertion in the Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor 1 gene (hai1; also known as Spint1) that showed accumulation of neutrophils in the fin. The mutant embryos exhibited inflammation in areas of epidermal hyperproliferation that was rescued by knock-down of the type II transmembrane serine protease Matriptase 1 (also known as St14), suggesting a novel role for Hai1-Matriptase 1 pathway in regulating inflammation. Using time-lapse microscopy of mutant embryos that express GFP from a neutrophil-specific promoter, we found that individual neutrophils in inflamed tissue displayed random motility characterized by periods of pausing alternating with periods of motility. During periods of persistent movement the cells were highly polarized, while the pausing modes were characterized by a loss of cell polarity. In contrast to responses to acute injury, neutrophils did not exhibit clear retrograde chemotaxis or resolution of inflammation in the mutant. These findings illustrate the utility of zebrafish as a new model system to study chronic inflammation and to visualize immune responses with high resolution in vivo.
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              Regulation of cell surface protease matriptase by HAI2 is essential for placental development, neural tube closure and embryonic survival in mice.

              Hypomorphic mutations in the human SPINT2 gene cause a broad spectrum of abnormalities in organogenesis, including organ and digit duplications, atresia, fistulas, hypertelorism, cleft palate and hamartoma. SPINT2 encodes the transmembrane serine protease inhibitor HAI2 (placental bikunin), and the severe developmental effects of decreased HAI2 activity can be hypothesized to be a consequence of excess pericellular proteolytic activity. Indeed, we show here that HAI2 is a potent regulator of protease-guided cellular responses, including motogenic activity and transepithelial resistance of epithelial monolayers. Furthermore, we show that inhibition of the transmembrane serine protease matriptase (encoded by St14) is an essential function of HAI2 during tissue morphogenesis. Genetic inactivation of the mouse Spint2 gene led to defects in neural tube closure, abnormal placental labyrinth development associated with loss of epithelial cell polarity, and embryonic demise. Developmental defects observed in HAI2-deficient mice were caused by unregulated matriptase activity, as both placental development and embryonic survival in HAI2-deficient embryos were completely restored by the simultaneous genetic inactivation of matriptase. However, neural tube defects were detected in HAI2-deficient mice even in the absence of matriptase, although at lower frequency, indicating that the inhibition of additional serine protease(s) by HAI2 is required to complete neural development. Finally, by genetic complementation analysis, we uncovered a unique and complex functional interaction between HAI2 and the related HAI1 in the regulation of matriptase activity during development. This study indicates that unregulated matriptase-dependent cell surface proteolysis can cause a diverse array of abnormalities in mammalian development.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Genes Dis
                Genes Dis
                Genes & Diseases
                Chongqing Medical University
                2352-4820
                2352-3042
                09 December 2020
                July 2022
                09 December 2020
                : 9
                : 4
                : 1049-1061
                Affiliations
                [a ]Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
                [b ]Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Tapei 114, Chinese Taipei
                [c ]Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Tapei 114, Chinese Taipei
                [d ]School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Tapei 114, Chinese Taipei
                [e ]Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Chinese Taipei
                Author notes
                []Corresponding author. Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, W422 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA. lincy@ 123456georgetown.edu
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author.Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Chinese Taipei. kheesiangchan@ 123456gmail.com
                [∗∗∗ ]Corresponding author. Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center Georgetown University, W416 Research Building 3970 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA. johnsom@ 123456georgetown.edu
                Article
                S2352-3042(20)30158-6
                10.1016/j.gendis.2020.12.001
                9170578
                04288f45-600b-467c-b5ce-91d3123fd73e
                © 2020 Chongqing Medical University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 21 August 2020
                : 2 December 2020
                Categories
                Full Length Article

                hai-1,hai-2,matriptase,neoplastic b-cells,proteolytic activity

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