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      Evolución del riesgo de extinción y estado actual de conservación de las aves de Colombia Translated title: Evolution of extinction risk and current conservation status of Colombian birds

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          Abstract

          Resumen La evaluación periódica del riesgo de extinción de las especies es indispensable para monitorear el progreso o retroceso de su estado de conservación. Se analiza aquí la evolución de las listas y libros rojos de aves en Colombia en cuanto al sistema de evaluación, los métodos y la composición de las especies. Las cinco evaluaciones realizadas a la fecha utilizaron el sistema de la Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (International Union for Conservation of Nature, UICN). Los métodos han progresado notablemente desde las evaluaciones que se basaban exclusivamente en el criterio experto hasta las actuales que utilizan herramientas analíticas sofisticadas sin dejar de usar el criterio experto. En total, 62, 81, 89, 112 y 140 especies estuvieron en alguna categoría de amenaza en los años 1986, 1998, 2001, 2002 y 2016, respectivamente. Al comparar las evaluaciones del 2002 y el 2016, la proporción de especies bajo alguna categoría de amenaza se ha reducido para el criterio A (rápido declive poblacional), es estable para el criterio B (distribución pequeña, fragmentada y en disminución), en tanto que ha aumentado para el criterio C (población pequeña y en disminución). La agricultura, la ganadería, la cacería y el tráfico ilegal, así como los cultivos ilícitos, son las amenazas directas más significativas actualmente (55, 44, 32 y 31 % de especies afectadas, respectivamente). Tomadas en su conjunto, estas amenazas sugieren que la principal causa de amenaza para las aves es la debilidad del control del Estado sobre el territorio. Las familias Psittacidae, Grallariidae y Cracidae son particularmente sensibles. La precisión de futuras evaluaciones se beneficiará con la información sobre las densidades poblacionales en diferentes tipos de hábitats y gradientes de idoneidad, así como con los registros de georreferenciación de alta calidad y la exploración de regiones con escasos niveles de información ornitológica.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Periodic assessment of extinction risk is fundamental to monitor progress or regression on species conservation status. We analyzed changes through time in red lists and red data books in Colombia in terms of evaluation systems, methods, and species composition. All five assessments used the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) system. Methods have progressed notably, from assessments 100% based on expert knowledge to assessments that use sophisticated analytical tools together with expert knowledge. A total of 62, 81, 89, 112 and 140 species were threatened in the years 1986, 1998, 2001, 2002 and 2016, respectively. Comparing assessments conducted in 2002 and 2016, the proportion of species in a category of threat under criterion A (rapid population decline) has declined, it is stable under criterion B (small, fragmented, and declining distribution), and has increased under criterion C (small and declining population). Agriculture, livestock farming, hunting and illegal trade, as well as illicit crops, are the most significant direct threats currently affecting 55%, 44%, 32%, and 31% of the species, respectively. This set of threats taken together suggests that the main direct threat for birds is the weakness of State control inin the country’s territories. The families Psittacidae, Grallariidae, and Cracidae are particularly sensitive. Future assessments will benefit with new information on population densities in different habitat types, and suitability gradients, as well as high-quality georeferencing records, and exploration of regions with low levels of ornithological knowledge.

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          The status of the world's land and marine mammals: diversity, threat, and knowledge.

          Knowledge of mammalian diversity is still surprisingly disparate, both regionally and taxonomically. Here, we present a comprehensive assessment of the conservation status and distribution of the world's mammals. Data, compiled by 1700+ experts, cover all 5487 species, including marine mammals. Global macroecological patterns are very different for land and marine species but suggest common mechanisms driving diversity and endemism across systems. Compared with land species, threat levels are higher among marine mammals, driven by different processes (accidental mortality and pollution, rather than habitat loss), and are spatially distinct (peaking in northern oceans, rather than in Southeast Asia). Marine mammals are also disproportionately poorly known. These data are made freely available to support further scientific developments and conservation action.
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            R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing

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              Taxonomic inflation: its influence on macroecology and conservation.

              Species numbers are increasing rapidly. This is due mostly to taxonomic inflation, where known subspecies are raised to species as a result in a change in species concept, rather than to new discoveries. Yet macroecologists and conservation biologists depend heavily on species lists, treating them as accurate and stable measures of biodiversity. Deciding on a standardized, universal species list might ameliorate the mismatch between taxonomy and the uses to which it is put. However, taxonomic uncertainty is ultimately due to the evolutionary nature of species, and is unlikely to be solved completely by standardization. For the moment, at least, users must acknowledge the limitations of taxonomic species and avoid unrealistic expectations of species lists.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                racefn
                Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales
                Rev. acad. colomb. cienc. exact. fis. nat.
                Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales (Bogotá, Distrito Capital, Colombia )
                0370-3908
                December 2017
                : 41
                : 161
                : 490-510
                Affiliations
                [1] Bogotá Bogotá orgnamePontificia Universidad Javeriana orgdiv1Facultad de Estudios Ambientales y Rurales orgdiv2Departamento de Ecología y Territorio Colombia
                Article
                S0370-39082017000400490
                10.18257/raccefyn.461
                043d3498-cf7b-4c3c-a6d2-444a7a3aed07

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 03 November 2017
                : 29 March 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 116, Pages: 21
                Product

                SciELO Colombia


                Especies amenazadas,Aves,Colombia,Birds,Threaten species,Extinction risk assessment,Evaluación de riesgo de extinción

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