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      Local Anesthetics Induce Apoptosis in Human Thyroid Cancer Cells through the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway

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          Abstract

          Local anesthetics are frequently used in fine-needle aspiration of thyroid lesions and locoregional control of persistent or recurrent thyroid cancer. Recent evidence suggests that local anesthetics have a broad spectrum of effects including inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in neuronal and other types of cells. In this study, we demonstrated that treatment with lidocaine and bupivacaine resulted in decreased cell viability and colony formation of both 8505C and K1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Lidocaine and bupivacaine induced apoptosis, and necrosis in high concentrations, as determined by flow cytometry. Lidocaine and bupivacaine caused disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential and release of cytochrome c, accompanied by activation of caspase 3 and 7, PARP cleavage, and induction of a higher ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. Based on microarray and pathway analysis, apoptosis is the prominent transcriptional change common to lidocaine and bupivacaine treatment. Furthermore, lidocaine and bupivacaine attenuated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) activity and induced activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and c-jun N-terminal kinase. Pharmacological inhibitors of MAPK/ERK kinase and p38 MAPK suppressed caspase 3 activation and PARP cleavage. Taken together, our results for the first time demonstrate the cytotoxic effects of local anesthetics on thyroid cancer cells and implicate the MAPK pathways as an important mechanism. Our findings have potential clinical relevance in that the use of local anesthetics may confer previously unrecognized benefits in the management of patients with thyroid cancer.

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          Most cited references40

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          Phosphatase-mediated crosstalk between MAPK signaling pathways in the regulation of cell survival.

          Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways constitute a large modular network that regulates a variety of physiological processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, and apoptotic cell death. The function of the ERK pathway has been depicted as survival-promoting, in essence by opposing the proapoptotic activity of the stress-activated c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 MAPK pathways. However, recently published work suggests that extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathway activity is suppressed by JNK/p38 kinases during apoptosis induction. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about JNK/p38-mediated mechanisms that negatively regulate the ERK pathway. In particular, we will focus on phosphatases (PP2A, MKPs) as inhibitors of ERK pathway activity in regulating apoptosis. A model proposed in this review places the negative regulation of the ERK pathway in a central position for the cellular decision-making process that determines whether cells will live or die in response to apoptosis-promoting signals. In addition, we will discuss the potential functional relevance of negative regulation of ERK pathway activity, for physiological and pathological conditions (e.g., cellular transformation).
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            International patterns and trends in thyroid cancer incidence, 1973-2002.

            During the past several decades, an increasing incidence of thyroid cancer has been reported in many parts of the world. To date, no study has compared the trends in thyroid cancer incidence across continents. We examined incidence data from cancer incidence in five continents (CI5) over the 30-year period 1973-2002 from 19 populations in the Americas, Asia, Europe, and Oceania. Thyroid cancer rates have increased from 1973-1977 to 1998-2002 for most of the populations except Sweden, in which the incidence rates decreased about 18% for both males and females. The average increase was 48.0% among males and 66.7% among females. More recently, the age-adjusted international thyroid cancer incidence rates from 1998 to 2002 varied 5-fold for males and nearly 10-fold for females by geographic region. Considerable variation in thyroid cancer incidence was present for every continent but Africa, in which the incidence rates were generally low. Our analysis of published CI5 data suggests that thyroid cancer rates increased between 1973 and 2002 in most populations worldwide, and that the increase does not appear to be restricted to a particular region of the world or by the underlying rates of thyroid cancer.
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              Deoxyribonucleic acid profiling analysis of 40 human thyroid cancer cell lines reveals cross-contamination resulting in cell line redundancy and misidentification.

              Cell lines derived from human cancers provide critical tools to study disease mechanisms and develop novel therapies. Recent reports indicate that up to 36% of cell lines are cross- contaminated. We evaluated 40 reported thyroid cancer-derived cell lines using short tandem repeat and single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis. Only 23 of 40 cell lines tested have unique genetic profiles. The following groups of cell lines are likely derivatives of the same cell line: BHP5-16, BHP17-10, BHP14-9, and NPA87; BHP2-7, BHP10-3, BHP7-13, and TPC1; KAT5, KAT10, KAT4, KAT7, KAT50, KAK1, ARO81-1, and MRO87-1; and K1 and K2. The unique cell lines include BCPAP, KTC1, TT2609-C02, FTC133, ML1, WRO82-1, 8505C, SW1736, Cal-62, T235, T238, Uhth-104, ACT-1, HTh74, KAT18, TTA1, FRO81-2, HTh7, C643, BHT101, and KTC-2. The misidentified cell lines included the DRO90-1, which matched the melanoma-derived cell line, A-375. The ARO81-1 and its derivatives matched the HT-29 colon cancer cell line, and the NPA87 and its derivatives matched the M14/MDA-MB-435S melanoma cell line. TTF-1 and Pax-8 mRNA levels were determined in the unique cell lines. Many of these human cell lines have been widely used in the thyroid cancer field for the past 20 yr and are not only redundant, but not of thyroid origin. These results emphasize the importance of cell line integrity, and provide the short tandem repeat profiles for a panel of thyroid cancer cell lines that can be used as a reference for comparison of cell lines from other laboratories.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                1932-6203
                2014
                21 February 2014
                : 9
                : 2
                : e89563
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
                [2 ]Department of Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital and Mackay Medical College, Taipei, Taiwan
                [3 ]Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
                [4 ]Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
                [5 ]Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
                Southern Medical University, China
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: YCC YCH CLL SYH MCH SPC. Performed the experiments: YCC YCH SYH SPC. Analyzed the data: YCC YCH CLL MCH SPC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: YCH MCH SPC. Wrote the paper: YCC MCH SPC.

                Article
                PONE-D-13-39389
                10.1371/journal.pone.0089563
                3931808
                24586874
                0466db83-cf92-48d8-9c76-2aff99ebb73f
                Copyright @ 2014

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 25 September 2013
                : 22 January 2014
                Page count
                Pages: 11
                Funding
                This study was supported by grants from National Science Council of Taiwan (NSC 100-2314-B-195-001-MY3), and from Mackay Memorial Hospital (MMH-10206 and MMH-E-101-10). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology
                Molecular cell biology
                Signal transduction
                Signaling cascades
                MAPK signaling cascades
                Cell death
                Medicine
                Anatomy and physiology
                Endocrine system
                Endocrine physiology
                Thyroid
                Anesthesiology
                Endocrinology
                Endocrine physiology
                Thyroid
                Oncology
                Cancers and neoplasms
                Endocrine tumors
                Surgery
                General surgery
                Surgical oncology

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

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