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      A quick guide to survey research

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Questionnaires are a very useful survey tool that allow large populations to be assessed with relative ease. Despite a widespread perception that surveys are easy to conduct, in order to yield meaningful results, a survey needs extensive planning, time and effort. In this article, we aim to cover the main aspects of designing, implementing and analysing a survey as well as focusing on techniques that would improve response rates.

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          The measurement of pessimism: the hopelessness scale.

          A. Beck, A. Weissman, D. Lester … (1974)
          Article 0 comments Cited 356 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R): a brief cognitive test battery for dementia screening.

            Eneida Mioshi, Kate Dawson, Joanna Mitchell … (2006)
            There is a clear need for brief, but sensitive and specific, cognitive screening instruments as evidenced by the popularity of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE). We aimed to validate an improved revision (the ACE-R) which incorporates five sub-domain scores (orientation/attention, memory, verbal fluency, language and visuo-spatial). Standard tests for evaluating dementia screening tests were applied. A total of 241 subjects participated in this study (Alzheimer's disease=67, frontotemporal dementia=55, dementia of Lewy Bodies=20; mild cognitive impairment-MCI=36; controls=63). Reliability of the ACE-R was very good (alpha coefficient=0.8). Correlation with the Clinical Dementia Scale was significant (r=-0.321, p<0.001). Two cut-offs were defined (88: sensitivity=0.94, specificity=0.89; 82: sensitivity=0.84, specificity=1.0). Likelihood ratios of dementia were generated for scores between 88 and 82: at a cut-off of 82 the likelihood of dementia is 100:1. A comparison of individual age and education matched groups of MCI, AD and controls placed the MCI group performance between controls and AD and revealed MCI patients to be impaired in areas other than memory (attention/orientation, verbal fluency and language). The ACE-R accomplishes standards of a valid dementia screening test, sensitive to early cognitive dysfunction. Copyright (c) 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
            Article 0 comments Cited 221 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              An introductory guide to survey research in anaesthesia.

              O Clavisi, Michael Story, Walton Jones … (2006)
              Surveys allow convenient and inexpensive research. Surveys include mail-out questionnaires, email questionnaires, telephone interviews, and personal interviews. Despite a widespread perception that surveys are easy to conduct, good surveys need rigorous design, implementation and analysis. This requires substantial planning, time and effort. The most important step in designing a survey is to clearly define the question(s) the survey aims to answer The target population, measured variables and types of associations being investigated should be specific and unambiguous. Investigators should concentrate on what they 'need to know' rather than what would be 'nice to know'. During development surveys should be piloted to identify problems. The main goal when implementing a survey is to maximize the response rate to avoid misleading results. Evidence-based strategies, including brief personalized surveys with stamped return envelopes, can be used to maximize the response rate. A poorly conducted survey can lead to misleading or invalid conclusions and may undermine participation in subsequent surveys by the target population.
              Article 0 comments Cited 12 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Ann R Coll Surg Engl
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Ann R Coll Surg Engl
                Journal ID (publisher-id): rcse
                Title: Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England
                Publisher: Royal College of Surgeons
                ISSN (Print): 0035-8843
                ISSN (Electronic): 1478-7083
                Publication date (Print): January 2013
                Publication date (Electronic): January 2013
                Publication date PMC-release: January 2013
                Volume: 95
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 5-7
                Affiliations
                1University of Cambridge,UK
                2Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust,UK
                Author notes
                Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ,UK E: vk279@ 123456cam.ac.uk +44 (0)1223 256 405+44 (0)1223 317 207
                Article
                Publisher ID: 956372
                DOI: 10.1308/003588413X13511609956372
                PMC ID: 3964639
                PubMed ID: 23317709
                SO-VID: 046eaf1b-b6f2-4aab-a196-f8b9b9eb24f3
                Copyright © Copyright © 2013 Royal College of Surgeons
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date accepted : 5 November 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: survey,questionnaire,design,research,guide
                Data availability:
                Keywords: survey, questionnaire, design, research, guide

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