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      HDPE/UHMWPE hybrid nanocomposites with surface functionalized graphene oxide towards improved strength and cytocompatibility

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          Abstract

          High-density polyethylene (HDPE)-based and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)-based composites with carbonaceous reinforcements are being widely investigated for biomedical applications. The enhancement of material properties critically depends on the nature, amount and compatibility of the reinforcement with the polymeric matrix. To this end, this study demonstrates the efficacy of a ‘dual’ hybrid approach of incorporating modified inorganic nanofiller into an optimized polyethylene blend. In particular, a unique synthesis strategy was adopted to design a covalently bonded maleated polyethylene (mPE) grafted modified graphene oxide (mGO) hybrid nanocomposite. In this scheme, polyethyleneimine (PEI) was initially attached onto GO to synthesize amine functionalized GO (GO–PEI). This is followed by mPE grafting, resulting in mGO. Melt-extrusion together with injection moulding of a polymer mix (60% HDPE–40% UHMWPE) with different proportions (less than or equal to 3 wt%) of surface functionalized GO was conducted to develop nanocomposites of different sizes and shapes. When compared with unreinforced PE blend, the nanocomposites with 1 wt% mGO exhibited an increase in ultimate tensile strength by 120% (up to 65 MPa) and elastic modulus by 40% (up to 908 MPa). The uniform dispersion of modified GO nanofillers, confirmed using X-ray micro-computed tomography and transmission electron microscopy, facilitated effective interfacial adhesion and compatibility with the hybrid polymer matrix. The variation in mechanical properties with GO/mGO addition to PE blend was critically discussed in reference to the structural modification of GO, crystallinity and nature of dispersion of fillers. Importantly, the nanocomposites support the attachment and proliferation of C2C12 murine myoblast cells over 3 days in culture in a statistically insignificant manner with respect to polymer blends without any nanofiller. Taken together, the experimental results suggest that HDPE/UHMWPE/mGO is a promising biomaterial for bone tissue engineering applications.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          J R Soc Interface
          J R Soc Interface
          RSIF
          royinterface
          Journal of the Royal Society Interface
          The Royal Society
          1742-5689
          1742-5662
          January 2019
          30 January 2019
          : 16
          : 150
          : 20180273
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Laboratory for Biomaterials, Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012, India
          [2 ] Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012, India
          [3 ] Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore 560012, India
          Author notes
          [†]

          These authors contributed equally to the study.

          Electronic supplementary material is available online at https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4380275.

          Author information
          http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7454-368X
          Article
          PMC6364642 PMC6364642 6364642 rsif20180273
          10.1098/rsif.2018.0273
          6364642
          30958172
          04715a05-55fd-4865-863a-5137475e756f
          © 2019 The Author(s)

          Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved.

          History
          : 20 April 2018
          : 20 December 2018
          Funding
          Funded by: Department of Biotechnology, Government of India;
          Award ID: BT/PR13466/COE/34/26/2015
          Categories
          1004
          23
          18
          Life Sciences–Engineering interface
          Research Article
          Custom metadata
          January, 2019

          melt-extrusion,nanocomposites,mechanical properties,high-density polyethylene/UHMWPE blend,graphene oxide,cytocompatibility

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