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      Is pregnancy planning associated with background characteristics and pregnancy‐planning behavior?

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          Prevalence of planned pregnancies varies between countries but is often measured in a dichotomous manner. The aim of this study was to investigate to what level pregnant women had planned their pregnancies and whether pregnancy planning was associated with background characteristics and pregnancy‐planning behavior.

          Material and methods

          A cross‐sectional study that utilized the baseline measurements from the Swedish Pregnancy Planning study. Pregnant women ( n = 3390) recruited at antenatal clinics answered a questionnaire. Data were analyzed with multinomial logistic regression, Kruskal–Wallis H and chi‐squared tests.

          Results

          Three of four pregnancies were very or fairly planned and 12% fairly or very unplanned. Of women with very unplanned pregnancies, 32% had considered an induced abortion. Women with planned pregnancies were more likely to have a higher level of education, higher household income, to be currently working (≥50%) and to have longer relationships than women with unplanned pregnancies. The level of pregnancy planning was associated with planning behavior, such as information‐seeking and intake of folic acid, but without a reduction in alcohol consumption. One‐third of all women took folic acid 1 month prior to conception, 17% used tobacco daily and 11% used alcohol weekly 3 months before conception.

          Conclusions

          A majority rated their pregnancy as very or fairly planned, with socio‐economic factors as explanatory variables. The level of pregnancy planning should be queried routinely to enable individualized counseling, especially for women with unplanned pregnancies. Preconception recommendations need to be established and communicated to the public to increase health promoting planning behavior.

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          Most cited references20

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          Prevention of neural tube defects: results of the Medical Research Council Vitamin Study. MRC Vitamin Study Research Group.

          A randomised double-blind prevention trial with a factorial design was conducted at 33 centres in seven countries to determine whether supplementation with folic acid (one of the vitamins in the B group) or a mixture of seven other vitamins (A,D,B1,B2,B6,C and nicotinamide) around the time of conception can prevent neural tube defects (anencephaly, spina bifida, encephalocele). A total of 1817 women at high risk of having a pregnancy with a neural tube defect, because of a previous affected pregnancy, were allocated at random to one of four groups--namely, folic acid, other vitamins, both, or neither. 1195 had a completed pregnancy in which the fetus or infant was known to have or not have a neural tube defect; 27 of these had a known neural tube defect, 6 in the folic acid groups and 21 in the two other groups, a 72% protective effect (relative risk 0.28, 95% confidence interval 0.12-0.71). The other vitamins showed no significant protective effect (relative risk 0.80, 95% Cl 0.32-1.72). There was no demonstrable harm from the folic acid supplementation, though the ability of the study to detect rare or slight adverse effects was limited. Folic acid supplementation starting before pregnancy can now be firmly recommended for all women who have had an affected pregnancy, and public health measures should be taken to ensure that the diet of all women who may bear children contains an adequate amount of folic acid.
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            Shifts in intended and unintended pregnancies in the United States, 2001-2008.

            We monitored trends in pregnancy by intendedness and outcomes of unintended pregnancies nationally and for key subgroups between 2001 and 2008. Data on pregnancy intentions from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG) and a nationally representative survey of abortion patients were combined with counts of births (from the National Center for Health Statistics), counts of abortions (from a census of abortion providers), estimates of miscarriages (from the NSFG), and population denominators from the US Census Bureau to obtain pregnancy rates by intendedness. In 2008, 51% of pregnancies in the United States were unintended, and the unintended pregnancy rate was 54 per 1000 women ages 15 to 44 years. Between 2001 and 2008, intended pregnancies decreased and unintended pregnancies increased, a shift previously unobserved. Large disparities in unintended pregnancy by relationship status, income, and education increased; the percentage of unintended pregnancies ending in abortion decreased; and the rate of unintended pregnancies ending in birth increased, reaching 27 per 1000 women. Reducing unintended pregnancy likely requires addressing fundamental socioeconomic inequities, as well as increasing contraceptive use and the uptake of highly effective methods.
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              Migration and public health: Health in Sweden: The National Public Health Report 2012. Chapter 13.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand
                Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand
                10.1111/(ISSN)1600-0412
                AOGS
                Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica
                John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                0001-6349
                1600-0412
                08 December 2015
                February 2016
                : 95
                : 2 ( doiID: 10.1111/aogs.2016.95.issue-2 )
                : 182-189
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Department of Public Health and Caring SciencesUppsala University UppsalaSweden
                [ 2 ] Department of Women's and Children's HealthUppsala University UppsalaSweden
                [ 3 ] Center for Clinical ResearchUppsala University County Council of Västmanland Västmanland County Hospital VästeråsSweden
                [ 4 ] The National Center for Knowledge on Men's Violence against WomenUppsala University UppsalaSweden
                [ 5 ] Department of Care ScienceMalmö University MalmöSweden
                [ 6 ] The Research Unit Women's and Children's Health The Juliane Marie Center for Women, Children and ReproductionCopenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet CopenhagenDenmark
                [ 7 ] The Institute of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Copenhagen CopenhagenDenmark
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Jenny Stern, Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Box 564, SE‐751 22 Uppsala, Sweden.

                E‐mail: jenny.stern@ 123456pubcare.uu.se

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2753-9140
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4188-598X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2172-6527
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3786-7321
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4735-6162
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7093-0719
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8242-6862
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3691-8326
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8050-621X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7346-1674
                Article
                AOGS12816
                10.1111/aogs.12816
                4737297
                26566076
                047a0694-7d22-4789-b473-b7dd8f12f141
                © 2015 The Authors Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Nordic Federation of Societies of Obstetrics and Gynecology (NFOG).

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial‐NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                : 06 April 2015
                : 28 October 2015
                Page count
                Pages: 8
                Funding
                Funded by: Family Planning Fund of Uppsala
                Funded by: Uppsala County Council
                Funded by: Uppsala University
                Funded by: Uppsala‐Örebro Regional Research Council, Sweden
                Categories
                Original Research Article
                Fertility
                Custom metadata
                2.0
                aogs12816
                February 2016
                Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:4.7.5 mode:remove_FC converted:28.01.2016

                Obstetrics & Gynecology
                planned pregnancy,unplanned pregnancy,preconception care,folic acid,health behavior

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