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      Latitudinal Adaptation and Genetic Insights Into the Origins of Cannabis sativa L.

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          Abstract

          Cannabis is one of the most important industrial crops distributed worldwide. However, the phylogeographic structure and domestication knowledge of this crop remains poorly understood. In this study, sequence variations of five chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) regions were investigated to address these questions. For the 645 individuals from 52 Cannabis accessions sampled (25 wild populations and 27 domesticated populations or cultivars), three haplogroups (Haplogroup H, M, L) were identified and these lineages exhibited distinct high-middle-low latitudinal gradients distribution pattern. This pattern can most likely be explained as a consequence of climatic heterogeneity and geographical isolation. Therefore, we examined the correlations between genetic distances and geographical distances, and tested whether the climatic factors are correlated with the cpDNA haplogroup frequencies of populations. The “isolation-by-distance” models were detected for the phylogeographic structure, and the day-length was found to be the most important factor (among 20 BioClim factors) that influenced the population structures. Considering the distinctive phylogeographic structures and no reproductive isolation among members of these lineages, we recommend that Cannabis be recognized as a monotypic genus typified by Cannabis sativa L., containing three subspecies: subsp. sativa, subsp. Indica, and subsp. ruderalis. Within each haplogroup which possesses a relatively independent distribution region, the wild and domesticated populations shared the most common haplotypes, indicating that there are multiregional origins for the domesticated crop. Contrast to the prevalent Central-Asia-Origin hypothesis of C. saltiva, molecular evidence reveals for the first time that the low latitude haplogroup (Haplogroup L) is the earliest divergent lineage, implying that Cannabis is probably originated in low latitude region.

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          Most cited references36

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          Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals.

          M Nei (1978)
          The magnitudes of the systematic biases involved in sample heterozygosity and sample genetic distances are evaluated, and formulae for obtaining unbiased estimates of average heterozygosity and genetic distance are developed. It is also shown that the number of individuals to be used for estimating average heterozygosity can be very small if a large number of loci are studied and the average heterozygosity is low. The number of individuals to be used for estimating genetic distance can also be very small if the genetic distance is large and the average heterozygosity of the two species compared is low.
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            Diversification of Rosaceae since the Late Cretaceous based on plastid phylogenomics.

            Phylogenetic relationships in Rosaceae have long been problematic because of frequent hybridisation, apomixis and presumed rapid radiation, and their historical diversification has not been clarified. With 87 genera representing all subfamilies and tribes of Rosaceae and six of the other eight families of Rosales (outgroups), we analysed 130 newly sequenced plastomes together with 12 from GenBank in an attempt to reconstruct deep relationships and reveal temporal diversification of this family. Our results highlight the importance of improving sequence alignment and the use of appropriate substitution models in plastid phylogenomics. Three subfamilies and 16 tribes (as previously delimited) were strongly supported as monophyletic, and their relationships were fully resolved and strongly supported at most nodes. Rosaceae were estimated to have originated during the Late Cretaceous with evidence for rapid diversification events during several geological periods. The major lineages rapidly diversified in warm and wet habits during the Late Cretaceous, and the rapid diversification of genera from the early Oligocene onwards occurred in colder and drier environments. Plastid phylogenomics offers new and important insights into deep phylogenetic relationships and the diversification history of Rosaceae. The robust phylogenetic backbone and time estimates we provide establish a framework for future comparative studies on rosaceous evolution.
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              Evolution and Classification of Cannabis sativa (Marijuana, Hemp) in Relation to Human Utilization

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Plant Sci
                Front Plant Sci
                Front. Plant Sci.
                Frontiers in Plant Science
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-462X
                21 December 2018
                2018
                : 9
                : 1876
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Industrial Crops Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Kunming, China
                [2] 2Wageningen University and Research Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen, Netherlands
                Author notes

                Edited by: Donald Lawrence Smith, McGill University, Canada

                Reviewed by: Yoshiko Shimono, Kyoto University, Japan; Umesh K. Reddy, West Virginia State University, United States

                *Correspondence: Qingying Zhang hempzhangqingying@ 123456126.com ;

                This article was submitted to Crop and Product Physiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Plant Science

                †These authors have contributed equally to this work

                Article
                10.3389/fpls.2018.01876
                6309158
                30627133
                04c0b631-0140-4aa4-94aa-7d679476df44
                Copyright © 2018 Zhang, Chen, Guo, Trindade, Salentijn, Guo, Guo, Xu and Yang.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 19 August 2018
                : 05 December 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 5, Equations: 0, References: 64, Pages: 13, Words: 9882
                Categories
                Plant Science
                Original Research

                Plant science & Botany
                cannabaceae,industrial hemp,genetic diversity,phylogeography,cpdna
                Plant science & Botany
                cannabaceae, industrial hemp, genetic diversity, phylogeography, cpdna

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