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      Depression and type D personality among undergraduate medical students

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          Abstract

          Context:

          Academic pressure, though established, is an unavoidable cause of depression in medical students. Role of Type D personality as determinant of depression is a new approach to the problem.

          Aim:

          Determination of relationship between Type D personality and Depression among medical students.

          Setting and Design:

          Undergraduate students (both male and female, total 150) of Midnapore Medical College.

          Materials and Methods:

          Beck Depression Inventory for depression and DS 14 for type D personality.

          Statistical Analysis:

          The scores were expressed as mean + SD. The significance of difference between the scores was done by Fisher's 2 sample t test.

          Results and Conclusion:

          Prevalence rate of depression was 45.3%, which was mostly of mild type (34%). Type D personality was present in 70% cases of which 15.3% had only negative affectivity, 23.3% had only social inhibition and 31% had both the components. Both depression & Type D personality were present in 36% cases. Negative affectivity component was significantly associated with depression which could be therapeutically controlled.

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          DS14: standard assessment of negative affectivity, social inhibition, and Type D personality.

          Johan Denollet (2005)
          Type D personality-a joint tendency toward negative affectivity (NA) and social inhibition (SI)-is related to poor cardiac prognosis, but there is no standard for assessing Type D. This study reports on the Type D Scale-14 (DS14) as a standard measure of NA, SI, and Type D. The study included 3813 participants (2508 from the general population, 573 cardiac patients, 732 hypertension patients). They all filled out the DS14, containing 7-item NA and SI subscales; 275 subjects also completed the NEO-FFI, and 121 patients filled out the DS14 twice. Factor analysis of the DS14 yielded 2 dominant traits; all of the NA and SI items loaded between 0.62 to 0.82 on their corresponding factor (N = 3678). The NA scale covered dysphoria, worry, and irritability; the SI scale covered discomfort in social interactions, reticence, and lack of social poise. The NA and SI scales were internally consistent (alpha = 0.88/0.86; N = 3678), stable over a 3-month period (test-retest r = 0.72/0.82) and not dependent on mood and health status (N = 121). NA correlated positively with neuroticism (r = 0.68); SI correlated negatively with extraversion (r = -0.59/-0.65). Scale-level factor analysis confirmed the construct validity of the DS14 against the NEO-FFI. Using a cutoff of 10 (NA > or =10 and SI > or =10), 1027 subjects (28%) were classified as Type D, 21% in the general population versus 28% in coronary heart disease and 53% in hypertension (p < or = .001). Age, sex, and Type D (odds ratio, 3.98; 95% confidence interval, 3.2-4.6; p <.0001) were independently associated with cardiovascular morbidity. The DS14 is a brief, psychometrically sound measure of negative affectivity and social inhibition that could readily be incorporated in epidemiologic and clinical research.
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            A study of stress in medical students at Seth G.S. Medical College.

            A. N. Supe (2015)
            It is usually observed that medical students undergo tremendous stress during various stages of the MBBS course. There is a high rate of suicide among them. To determine incidence of stress and factors controlling stress in medical students at various stages of MBBS course at Seth G S Medical college, 238 students (First year 98, Second 76, Third 64) were asked to complete a questionnaire on personal data (gender, stay at hostel, mode of travel, time spent in travel every day, medium of study in school, place of school education.), Stress inducing factors, Zung's depression scale, ways of coping, stress relievers, perceived social support and personality type. Statistical tests used were ANOVA, critical ratio and Student's 't' test. Majority of medical students (175/238--73%) perceived stress. Stress was found to be significantly more in Second and Third MBBS students rather than First MBBS levels (p < 0.05). Stress was not found to differ significantly on the basis of sex, stay at hostel, model of travel, time spent in travel every day, medium of study in school, place of school education. Stress was found to be significantly more in students having more than 95% of marks at 12th Standard as compared to others. Academic factors were greater perceived cause of stress in medical students. There was no significant difference in the students at different levels of MBBS regarding academic factors and social factors as a stress inducing factors. Physical factors were found to be significantly more in Second and Third MBBS students as compared to First MBBS students. Emotional factors were found to be significantly more in First MBBS students as compared to Second & Third MBBS students. Stress was more common in medical students who have dominant strategy of coping as positive reappraisal, accepting responsibility and planful problem solving. Stress was less common in medical students at Seth G S Medical College who have dominant strategy of coping as escaping and distancing from difficult situation. Family and Friend as perceived social supports were more in Second MBBS than First MBBS medical students. Stress was not found to be significantly more in students having their personality factor contributing to stress (Type A--52/67) as compared to others (Type B--123/171). This indicates that the stress was not trait oriented but was process oriented (p = NS). Stress in medical students is common and is process oriented. It is more in second and third year. Academic factors are greater perceived cause of stress in medical students at Seth G S medical college. Emotional factors are found to be significantly more in First MBBS. It is dependent on person's ways of coping and social support.
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              Type D personality. A potential risk factor refined.

              J. Denollet (2000)
              Acute and chronic psychological distress have been associated with coronary heart disease (CHD) but little is known about the determinants of distress as a coronary risk factor. Broad and stable personality traits may have much explanatory power; this article selectively focuses on negative affectivity (NA; tendency to experience negative emotions) and social inhibition (SI; tendency to inhibit self-expression in social interaction) in the context of CHD. The first part of this article reviews research on NA and SI in patients with CHD. The second part presents new findings on NA and SI in 734 patients with hypertension. Accumulating evidence suggests that the combination of high NA and high SI designates a personality subtype ("distressed" type or type D) of coronary patients who are at risk for clustering of psychosocial risk factors and incidence of long-term cardiac events. Type D and its contributing low-order traits (dysphoria/tension and reticence/withdrawal) could also be reliably assessed in a community-based sample of patients with hypertension. This finding was replicated in men and women, and in Dutch- and French-speaking subjects. Type D hypertensives reported more depressive affect than their non type D counterparts. There is an urgent need to adopt a personality approach in the identification of patients at risk for cardiac events. NA and SI are broad and stable personality traits that may be of special interest not only in CHD, but in other chronic medical conditions as well.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Indian J Psychiatry
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Indian J Psychiatry
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJPsy
                Title: Indian Journal of Psychiatry
                Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                ISSN (Print): 0019-5545
                ISSN (Electronic): 1998-3794
                Publication date (Print): Jul-Sep 2013
                Volume: 55
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 287-289
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Biochemistry and Psychiatry, Midnapore Medical College, Paschim Medinipur, West Bengal, India
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Dr. Soma Gupta, College of Medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kolkata 58, West Bengal, India. E-mail: guptasomarusa@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: IJPsy-55-287
                DOI: 10.4103/0019-5545.117151
                PMC ID: 3777353
                PubMed ID: 24082252
                SO-VID: 04cc3e73-5c7a-4440-aad3-e07c95c313c8
                Copyright © Copyright: © Indian Journal of Psychiatry
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Categories
                Subject: Brief Research Communication

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: depression,medical students,type d personality
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: depression, medical students, type d personality

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